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CTB Glossary > Glossary > Flashcards

Glossary Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Visceral Pleura?

A

Membrane covering the lungs, facilitating smooth movement during respiration.

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2
Q

What is the Parietal Pleura?

A

Membrane lining the chest wall, contributing to pleural fluid dynamics.

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3
Q

What is the Bronchial Tree?

A

Hierarchical branching of airways from trachea to alveoli, optimizing gas delivery and exchange.

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4
Q

What is Foetal Circulation?

A

Unique blood flow involving the foramen ovale, ductus arteriosus, and placenta for oxygenation.

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5
Q

What are Nasal Conchae?

A

Turbinate bones creating airflow turbulence to filter, warm, and humidify inspired air.

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6
Q

What is Lung parenchyma?

A

Functional tissue involved in gas exchange.

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7
Q

What is Xenobiotic metabolism?

A

Removal of foreign compounds (xenobiotics) via Phase I and Phase II reactions.

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8
Q

What are Cardiomyocytes?

A

Contractile heart muscle cells with intercalated discs enabling synchronized contraction.

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9
Q

What is Excitation-Contraction Coupling?

A

Process linking electrical depolarisation to calcium-mediated contraction.

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10
Q

What are the Action Potential Phases?

A

Depolarisation (Na+ influx), plateau (Ca2+ influx), and repolarisation (K+ efflux).

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11
Q

What is the Cardiac Cycle?

A

Sequence of atrial and ventricular contraction/relaxation ensuring coordinated blood flow.

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12
Q

What is the Frank-Starling Law?

A

Relationship where increased ventricular filling enhances contractile force and cardiac output.

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13
Q

What is Glycocalyx?

A

Extracellular carbohydrate-rich layer coating cells for protection.

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14
Q

What is Dead Space?

A

Generic term that describes parts of the airway that do not participate in gas exchange.

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15
Q

What is Pulmonary ventilation?

A

The amount of air moving in and out of the lungs per minute.

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16
Q

What is Compliance?

A

The ability of an organ to distend in response to applied pressure.

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17
Q

What is Resistance?

A

The ability to oppose a change.

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18
Q

What is Capacitance?

A

Storing blood volume.

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19
Q

What is Shear rate?

A

Rate at which fluid is worked during flow.

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20
Q

What is Vasculogenesis?

A

The differentiation of precursor cells (angioblasts) into endothelial cells and the de novo formation of a vascular network.

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21
Q

What is Angiogenesis?

A

The growth of blood vessels from the existing vasculature.

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22
Q

What does Idiopathic mean?

A

Of unknown origin.

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23
Q

What is Hypersensitivity?

A

Exaggerated or inappropriate immune system response - primarily to innocuous antigens.

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24
Q

What is the Compliment pathway?

A

The complement system causes the lysis of foreign and infected cells, the phagocytosis of foreign particles and cell debris, and the inflammation of surrounding tissue.

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25
Q

What is Oedema?

A

Movement of fluid out of the blood stream.

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26
Q

What is Precision Medicine?

A

Tailoring medical treatments to individual patient profiles, including genetic, molecular, and cellular data.

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27
Q

What are Organs-on-a-Chip?

A

Microfluidic devices mimicking organ functions for drug testing and disease modeling.

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28
Q

What is an Electronic Nose (eNose)?

A

A sensor system that detects volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in exhaled breath for disease diagnosis.

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29
Q

What is an iKnife?

A

An intelligent surgical knife that identifies tissue types in real-time during surgery using molecular signatures.

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30
Q

What is 3D Printing in Medicine?

A

Technology used to create patient-specific models, implants, and prosthetics.

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31
Q

What is the impact of Environmental Pollution on Respiratory Diseases?

A

Improved air quality in developed regions is expected to lower rates of COPD and lung cancer.

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32
Q

What is the Ageing Population Impact?

A

The ageing population sustains the prevalence of chronic cardiovascular and respiratory diseases.

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33
Q

What are Biosensors?

A

Devices measuring biomarker levels for early diagnosis and monitoring.

34
Q

What are Wearable Devices?

A

Tools like smartwatches that track physical activity, heart rate, and respiratory function.

35
Q

What is Asthma?

A

Chronic inflammatory disease causing airway hyperreactivity, mucus hypersecretion, and variable airflow obstruction.

36
Q

What is COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease)?

A

Irreversible airway obstruction associated with smoking and environmental exposures.

37
Q

What is Atherosclerosis?

A

Progressive narrowing of arteries due to lipid accumulation and inflammation.

38
Q

What is Pulmonary Hypertension?

A

Elevated pulmonary arterial pressure causing right ventricular overload and heart failure.

39
Q

What is Cardiovascular Homeostasis?

A

Regulation of blood flow, pressure, and oxygen delivery to maintain systemic balance.

40
Q

What is Inflammatory Airway Pathology?

A

Structural changes in asthma and COPD, such as airway remodeling and occlusion.

41
Q

What are Biologics in Asthma?

A

Targeted therapies reducing eosinophilic inflammation by blocking IL-5, IL-4, or IgE pathways.

42
Q

What is Anaphylaxis?

A

Severe allergic reaction involving systemic vasodilation, bronchoconstriction, and capillary leakage.

43
Q

What is IgE (Immunoglobulin E)?

A

Antibody class that binds allergens, triggering mast cell degranulation.

44
Q

What is Mast Cell Activation?

A

Release of mediators like histamine and leukotrienes causing inflammation and anaphylaxis symptoms.

45
Q

What is the ABC Treatment of Anaphylaxis?

A

Focuses on Airway, Breathing, and Circulation, with adrenaline as first-line treatment.

46
Q

What is the Adrenaline Mechanism?

A

Counteracts anaphylaxis by inducing vasoconstriction, bronchodilation, and stabilizing mast cells.

47
Q

What are Lipid Mediators?

A

Bioactive molecules like leukotrienes and prostaglandins driving inflammation.

48
Q

What is Biphasic Anaphylaxis?

A

Recurrence of symptoms hours after initial reaction, even with treatment.

49
Q

What is the Endothelium?

A

Single-cell layer lining blood vessels, regulating vascular tone, permeability, and inflammation.

50
Q

What is Vascular Tone Regulation?

A

Balance of vasoconstrictors (e.g., endothelin-1) and vasodilators (e.g., nitric oxide).

51
Q

What is Coagulation?

A

Platelet and clotting factor activity preventing blood loss.

52
Q

What is Vascular Compliance?

A

Vessel’s ability to stretch in response to pressure changes.

53
Q

What is Endothelial Dysfunction?

A

Impaired regulation of tone, barrier function, and inflammation.

54
Q

What is the Airway Epithelium?

A

Protective barrier comprising ciliated and goblet cells.

55
Q

What are Goblet Cells?

A

Secrete mucins to form mucus for trapping pathogens and particles.

56
Q

What is Mucociliary Clearance?

A

Mechanism combining mucus secretion and ciliary motion to expel debris.

57
Q

What are Surfactant Proteins?

A

Reduce alveolar surface tension and play roles in immunity.

58
Q

What is Epithelial Remodelling?

A

Structural changes in chronic respiratory diseases, including fibrosis and mucus hypersecretion.

59
Q

What are Submucosal Glands?

A

Secrete mucus and antimicrobial molecules.

60
Q

What is Cardiopulmonary Control?

A

Integration of heart and lung functions by the autonomic nervous system.

61
Q

What is VO2 Max?

A

Maximum oxygen uptake during exercise, reflecting aerobic fitness.

62
Q

What are Lung Function Tests?

A

Techniques like spirometry measuring lung volumes and airflow rates.

63
Q

What is Ventilation-Perfusion Matching?

A

Coordination of airflow and blood flow for efficient gas exchange.

64
Q

What is Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia?

A

Variation in heart rate synchronized with breathing phases.

65
Q

What are Exercise Adaptations?

A

Improved cardiac efficiency and respiratory muscle strength with training.

66
Q

What are Blood Flow Dynamics?

A

Determined by pressure gradients, resistance, and vessel compliance.

67
Q

What is Poiseuille’s Law?

A

Resistance to flow is inversely proportional to the fourth power of vessel radius.

68
Q

What is Compliance in vessels?

A

Ability of vessels to stretch in response to pressure changes.

69
Q

What are Baroreceptors?

A

Pressure-sensitive receptors regulating blood pressure through autonomic feedback.

70
Q

What is Pulse Pressure?

A

Difference between systolic and diastolic pressures, reflecting arterial compliance.

71
Q

What is Dead Space in airways?

A

Non-exchanging airway regions categorized as anatomical, alveolar, or physiological.

72
Q

How is Oxygen Transport primarily achieved?

A

Primarily bound to haemoglobin, with some dissolved in plasma.

73
Q

How is Carbon Dioxide Transport achieved?

A

Removed as bicarbonate, dissolved gas, or carbamino compounds.

74
Q

What is the Ventilation-Perfusion Ratio (V/Q)?

A

Determines gas exchange efficiency, with mismatches causing hypoxia.

75
Q

What is the Bohr Effect?

A

Enhanced oxygen unloading from haemoglobin in acidic environments.

76
Q

What are Cardiomyocytes responsible for?

A

Heart muscle cells responsible for contraction and electrical conduction.

77
Q

What does Excitation-Contraction Coupling link?

A

Links electrical signals to calcium-mediated contraction.

78
Q

What are the phases of Action Potential?

A

Includes depolarisation (Na+ influx), plateau (Ca2+ influx), and repolarisation (K+ efflux).

79
Q

What is the Cardiac Cycle composed of?

A

Sequence of atrial and ventricular systole and diastole.

80
Q

What does the Frank-Starling Law state?

A

Relationship where increased ventricular filling enhances contractile force.

81
Q

What is Ejection Fraction?

A

Percentage of blood ejected from the ventricle during systole, indicating cardiac efficiency.

CTB Glossary (2 decks)

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