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IB English > Glossary > Flashcards

Glossary Flashcards

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1
Q

What is an accent?

A

the pronunciation of a language

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2
Q

What is an actual reader?

A

the individual(s) who actually read or listen to a text

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3
Q

What is an actual writer?

A

the individual(s) who actually produce a text

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4
Q

What is an adjective?

A

word class to modify nouns

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5
Q

What is an adverb?

A

word class for mainly modifying adjectives and verbs - time/manner/place/degree (adverbs of degree)

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6
Q

What is an alliteration?

A

repetition of a sound at the beginning of several words

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7
Q

What is an allusion?

A

form of figurative language in which a reference is made to a text/event/person/place

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8
Q

What is an analogy?

A

cognitive process of transferring traits from one thing or idea to another

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9
Q

What is anaphora?

A

repetition of the same word/phrase in a succession of phrases or sentences

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10
Q

What is anti-advertising?

A

makes you aware of conventions of advertising, challenges audience

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11
Q

What is an antithesis?

A

contrast between ideas by placing them together

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12
Q

What is an appeal to authority?

A

argumentation technique by referring to a source of authority

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13
Q

What is an appeal to fear?

A

appealing to an audience’s sense of fear

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14
Q

What is an audience?

A

general term for a reader or listener of a text

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15
Q

What is the bandwagon effect?

A

propaganda technique that suggests one should do something because everyone else is doing

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16
Q

What is bias?

A

language that supports an ideological position, whether implicitly or explicitly

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17
Q

What is cacophony?

A

discordant, rugged, or hard-sounded effects in prose or verse

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18
Q

What is caesura?

A

a pause within a line of verse

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19
Q

What is characterisation?

A

the way in which a writer creates her characters in a narrative to attract or repel sympathy from the audience

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20
Q

What is a clause?

A

a group of words that express a single idea

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21
Q

What is a cliché?

A

a boring phrase made tedious by frequent repetition

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22
Q

What is coherence?

A

systematic connection of ideas in a written place

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23
Q

What is colloquialism?

A

a kind of expression or grammar that is associated with ordinary, everyday speech rather than formal language

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24
Q

What is conflict in advertising?

A

including a conflict situation in an ad to help sell a product/idea

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25
Q

What are complex and compound sentences?

A

complex - at least two clauses, one of them subordinate to the main
compound - two or more main clauses linked with one of the conjunctions or/but/and

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26
Q

What are conjunctions?

A

words that are used to connect words/phrases/clauses

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27
Q

What is a connotation?

A

aura of emotion that is associated with a word through personal experience

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28
Q

What are the contexts of production and reception?

A

COP - situation or circumstances in which a text is produced, with factors influencing it
COR - situation or circumstances in which a text is received, with factors influencing its reading

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29
Q

What is core vocabulary?

A

everyday and easily understood words, significant majority of our vocabulary

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30
Q

What is couplet?

A

poetry - pair of rhymed lines any meter

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31
Q

What is crowdsourcing?

A

Jeffo Howe “act of taking a job traditionally performed by a designated employee and outsourcing it to an undefined, generally large group of people in the form of an open call”

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32
Q

What is deictic?

A

words that point in various directions, within a text and beyond it

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33
Q

What is a denotation?

A

literal, factual meaning of a word

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34
Q

What is denouement?

A

the final unfolding of a plot in a literary work

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35
Q

What is dialect?

A

unique and distinguishable combination of vocabulary, pronunciation, and syntax

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36
Q

What is diatribe?

A

severely critical type of discourse, often spoken, characterised by anger at something/someone

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37
Q

What is direct narration?

A

when the narrator seems to tell the reader what to think

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38
Q

What is direct/reported speech?

A

direct - characters do all the talking
reported - writers summarise what their characters say for the reader

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39
Q

What is dramatic irony?

A

dramatic texts - audience possess more information about what is taking place than some of the characters

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40
Q

What is an ellipsis?

A

the omission of part of a language structure

41
Q

What is an end-stopped line?

A

line of verse in which the end of the line coincides with a grammatical pause usually signalled by punctuation

42
Q

What is enjambment?

A

a line of poetry that is not end-stopped

43
Q

What is equivocation?

A

when a word is used in two different senses in an argument

44
Q

What is ethos?

A

character of an audience, nation, or community

45
Q

What is an euphemism?

A

a word or phrase that makes something sound better than it actually is

46
Q

What is the 1st person pov?

A

when a narrator is included in his or her story

47
Q

What is formalism?

A

school of literary criticism that looks at texts face value, without biographical, historical, or contextual considerations

48
Q

What is free indirect speech?

A

3rd person limited pov - gives us the sense of 1st person narration, as the narrator shows us the thoughts and actions of one character

49
Q

What is free verse?

A

a verse that is released from the convention of metre

50
Q

What is a function?

A

what language is used for

51
Q

What is a gatekeeper?

A

a person who has access to a particular medium and can disseminate ideas with it

52
Q

What is a genre?

A

term used to refer to a kind or type of literature

53
Q

What is graphology?

A

the visual aspect of a text, including layout, font, and image

54
Q

What is haiku?

A

Japanese lyric form - exactly 17 syllables in three lines, 5-7-5

55
Q

What is hyperbole?

A

a figure of speech; emphasis through exaggeration

56
Q

What is idiolect?

A

the way in which we all speak an individual and unique variety of language

57
Q

What is imagery?

A

stylistic device which uses language to appeal to the reader’s senses of sight, sound, smell, taste, or touch

58
Q

What is indirect narration?

A

when a narrator shows the readers the events of a story without telling us how to interpret them

59
Q

What is intertextuality?

A

the ways in which a text resonates or refers to another text

60
Q

What is irony?

A

literary or stylistic device in which one states something that is in discordance with what is expected

61
Q

What is jargon?

A

special technical language of any trade, profession, branch, or scholarship

62
Q

What is language?

A

a system of communication that is mutually intelligible among all members of a community

63
Q

What is logos?

A

the appeal to a reader or listener’s sense of logic

64
Q

What is long tail marketing?

A

smaller, niche markets, as the Internet brings people together through social networking and large databases

65
Q

What is a mash up?

A

online texts, usually short films, that copy content from an original source and alter it to some extent to give it a new meaning

66
Q

What is a metaphor?

A

the comparison of two concepts through language, often done by using the verb ‘to be’

67
Q

What is metonymy?

A

the act of referring to a concept not by its name, but by something intimately associated with it

68
Q

What is modality?

A

linguistics of judgement

69
Q

What is multivocal?

A

meaning is not fixed in a text in any kind of immutable, unified way

70
Q

What is newsworthiness?

A

what makes a story newsworthy
- negative
- relevance
- extraordinary

71
Q

What is nominalisation?

A

a process in which a verb or verb group is transformed into a noun

72
Q

What are notifications?

A

instead of going to the information, it comes to you, usually in the form of an e-mail or into an RSS reader

73
Q

What is a noun phrase?

A

word or group of words with a noun at its head

74
Q

What is onomatopeia?

A

stylistic device that refers to words that sound like what they represent

75
Q

What is paralanguage?

A

aspects of communication functioning in conjunction with verbal language

76
Q

What is pathos?

A

appeal to one’s sense of emotion

77
Q

What is pay-per click?

A

ads that only generate revenue for the host website once the user has clicked on the link or the ad

78
Q

What is personalization?

A

way sites engage users, like creating an account, logging on, or editing a profile page

79
Q

What is personification?

A

stylistic device where inanimate objects are given human qualities

80
Q

What is phonological?

A

the sound system of a language

81
Q

What is a phrase?

A

unit of language made up of anything from an individual word to several words acting together - smaller than a sentence

82
Q

What is a problem/solution technique?

A

convincing someone they have a problem so you can sell them a solution

83
Q

What is a pun?

A

a play on words, often comic, resulting from a word having multiple meaning, or two words with different meanings but same sounds

84
Q

What is 2nd person pov?

A

use of pronoun ‘you’, targets reader directly

85
Q

What is a semantic field?

A

group of words that are related or analogous in meaning, often connected with a particular context of use

86
Q

What is sensationalism?

A

language that appeals to emotions

87
Q

What is a setting?

A

setting creates a set of expectations for the reader and an environment for its characters

88
Q

What is shock advertising?

A

used to gain attention through controversy

89
Q

What is a simile?

A

comparison of two things, using ‘like’ or ‘as’

90
Q

What is slang?

A

a deviation in language use from the standardized form of a particular language

91
Q

What is a slogan?

A

a phrase used in a political or commercial campaign repeatedly

92
Q

What is social networking?

A

a structure of individuals and their interdependence on each other

93
Q

What is stereotyping?

A

assigning fixed characteristics to individuals on the basis of their group membership

94
Q

What is supercrunching?

A

how large databases are helping us make decisions everyday, especially on the Internet

95
Q

What is a synecdoche?

A

stylistic device, referring to an entity by one of its parts

96
Q

What is testimonial?

A

story about a personal experience

97
Q

What is textuality?

A

the characteristics that define a text

98
Q

What is use of celebrities?

A

use of celebrities to try to sell us an idea or product, following the line of logic that if the celebrities endorse a product then it must be good

IB English (1 decks)

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