Glossary Flashcards
What is an accent?
the pronunciation of a language
What is an actual reader?
the individual(s) who actually read or listen to a text
What is an actual writer?
the individual(s) who actually produce a text
What is an adjective?
word class to modify nouns
What is an adverb?
word class for mainly modifying adjectives and verbs - time/manner/place/degree (adverbs of degree)
What is an alliteration?
repetition of a sound at the beginning of several words
What is an allusion?
form of figurative language in which a reference is made to a text/event/person/place
What is an analogy?
cognitive process of transferring traits from one thing or idea to another
What is anaphora?
repetition of the same word/phrase in a succession of phrases or sentences
What is anti-advertising?
makes you aware of conventions of advertising, challenges audience
What is an antithesis?
contrast between ideas by placing them together
What is an appeal to authority?
argumentation technique by referring to a source of authority
What is an appeal to fear?
appealing to an audience’s sense of fear
What is an audience?
general term for a reader or listener of a text
What is the bandwagon effect?
propaganda technique that suggests one should do something because everyone else is doing
What is bias?
language that supports an ideological position, whether implicitly or explicitly
What is cacophony?
discordant, rugged, or hard-sounded effects in prose or verse
What is caesura?
a pause within a line of verse
What is characterisation?
the way in which a writer creates her characters in a narrative to attract or repel sympathy from the audience
What is a clause?
a group of words that express a single idea
What is a cliché?
a boring phrase made tedious by frequent repetition
What is coherence?
systematic connection of ideas in a written place
What is colloquialism?
a kind of expression or grammar that is associated with ordinary, everyday speech rather than formal language
What is conflict in advertising?
including a conflict situation in an ad to help sell a product/idea
What are complex and compound sentences?
complex - at least two clauses, one of them subordinate to the main
compound - two or more main clauses linked with one of the conjunctions or/but/and
What are conjunctions?
words that are used to connect words/phrases/clauses
What is a connotation?
aura of emotion that is associated with a word through personal experience
What are the contexts of production and reception?
COP - situation or circumstances in which a text is produced, with factors influencing it
COR - situation or circumstances in which a text is received, with factors influencing its reading
What is core vocabulary?
everyday and easily understood words, significant majority of our vocabulary
What is couplet?
poetry - pair of rhymed lines any meter
What is crowdsourcing?
Jeffo Howe “act of taking a job traditionally performed by a designated employee and outsourcing it to an undefined, generally large group of people in the form of an open call”
What is deictic?
words that point in various directions, within a text and beyond it
What is a denotation?
literal, factual meaning of a word
What is denouement?
the final unfolding of a plot in a literary work
What is dialect?
unique and distinguishable combination of vocabulary, pronunciation, and syntax
What is diatribe?
severely critical type of discourse, often spoken, characterised by anger at something/someone
What is direct narration?
when the narrator seems to tell the reader what to think
What is direct/reported speech?
direct - characters do all the talking
reported - writers summarise what their characters say for the reader
What is dramatic irony?
dramatic texts - audience possess more information about what is taking place than some of the characters
What is an ellipsis?
the omission of part of a language structure
What is an end-stopped line?
line of verse in which the end of the line coincides with a grammatical pause usually signalled by punctuation
What is enjambment?
a line of poetry that is not end-stopped
What is equivocation?
when a word is used in two different senses in an argument
What is ethos?
character of an audience, nation, or community
What is an euphemism?
a word or phrase that makes something sound better than it actually is
What is the 1st person pov?
when a narrator is included in his or her story
What is formalism?
school of literary criticism that looks at texts face value, without biographical, historical, or contextual considerations
What is free indirect speech?
3rd person limited pov - gives us the sense of 1st person narration, as the narrator shows us the thoughts and actions of one character
What is free verse?
a verse that is released from the convention of metre
What is a function?
what language is used for
What is a gatekeeper?
a person who has access to a particular medium and can disseminate ideas with it
What is a genre?
term used to refer to a kind or type of literature
What is graphology?
the visual aspect of a text, including layout, font, and image
What is haiku?
Japanese lyric form - exactly 17 syllables in three lines, 5-7-5
What is hyperbole?
a figure of speech; emphasis through exaggeration
What is idiolect?
the way in which we all speak an individual and unique variety of language
What is imagery?
stylistic device which uses language to appeal to the reader’s senses of sight, sound, smell, taste, or touch
What is indirect narration?
when a narrator shows the readers the events of a story without telling us how to interpret them
What is intertextuality?
the ways in which a text resonates or refers to another text
What is irony?
literary or stylistic device in which one states something that is in discordance with what is expected
What is jargon?
special technical language of any trade, profession, branch, or scholarship
What is language?
a system of communication that is mutually intelligible among all members of a community
What is logos?
the appeal to a reader or listener’s sense of logic
What is long tail marketing?
smaller, niche markets, as the Internet brings people together through social networking and large databases
What is a mash up?
online texts, usually short films, that copy content from an original source and alter it to some extent to give it a new meaning
What is a metaphor?
the comparison of two concepts through language, often done by using the verb ‘to be’
What is metonymy?
the act of referring to a concept not by its name, but by something intimately associated with it
What is modality?
linguistics of judgement
What is multivocal?
meaning is not fixed in a text in any kind of immutable, unified way
What is newsworthiness?
what makes a story newsworthy
- negative
- relevance
- extraordinary
What is nominalisation?
a process in which a verb or verb group is transformed into a noun
What are notifications?
instead of going to the information, it comes to you, usually in the form of an e-mail or into an RSS reader
What is a noun phrase?
word or group of words with a noun at its head
What is onomatopeia?
stylistic device that refers to words that sound like what they represent
What is paralanguage?
aspects of communication functioning in conjunction with verbal language
What is pathos?
appeal to one’s sense of emotion
What is pay-per click?
ads that only generate revenue for the host website once the user has clicked on the link or the ad
What is personalization?
way sites engage users, like creating an account, logging on, or editing a profile page
What is personification?
stylistic device where inanimate objects are given human qualities
What is phonological?
the sound system of a language
What is a phrase?
unit of language made up of anything from an individual word to several words acting together - smaller than a sentence
What is a problem/solution technique?
convincing someone they have a problem so you can sell them a solution
What is a pun?
a play on words, often comic, resulting from a word having multiple meaning, or two words with different meanings but same sounds
What is 2nd person pov?
use of pronoun ‘you’, targets reader directly
What is a semantic field?
group of words that are related or analogous in meaning, often connected with a particular context of use
What is sensationalism?
language that appeals to emotions
What is a setting?
setting creates a set of expectations for the reader and an environment for its characters
What is shock advertising?
used to gain attention through controversy
What is a simile?
comparison of two things, using ‘like’ or ‘as’
What is slang?
a deviation in language use from the standardized form of a particular language
What is a slogan?
a phrase used in a political or commercial campaign repeatedly
What is social networking?
a structure of individuals and their interdependence on each other
What is stereotyping?
assigning fixed characteristics to individuals on the basis of their group membership
What is supercrunching?
how large databases are helping us make decisions everyday, especially on the Internet
What is a synecdoche?
stylistic device, referring to an entity by one of its parts
What is testimonial?
story about a personal experience
What is textuality?
the characteristics that define a text
What is use of celebrities?
use of celebrities to try to sell us an idea or product, following the line of logic that if the celebrities endorse a product then it must be good
