Glossary

Question 1

Prokaryotic Cell

Answer 1

No nucleus, DNA is in region called nucleoid (not membrane bound)
Circular genome
No membrane bound organelles
✅ Ribosomes

Question 2

Eukaryotic Cell

Answer 2

Nucleus and membrane bound organelles
Linear genome
✅ Ribosomes, also rough ER
Cytoskeleton: microtubules important in cell division
Centrioles also important in cell division

Question 3

Cell Division

Answer 3

A parent cell replicates and divides into two daughter cells

Question 4

Binary Fission

Answer 4

Prokaryotic cell division

Question 5

Mitosis

Answer 5

Typical cell division in eukaryotes
Produces two genetically identical diploid cells
For growth and repair
Mitosis stages: PPMAT
Prophase, Prometaphase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, (cytokinesis)

Question 6

Meiosis

Answer 6

Unique type of cell division in eukaryotes to produce gametes,
Produces four genetically distinct haploid cells
Meiosis I: PMAT I
Meiosis II: PMAT II
PMAT: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase (and cytokinesis)

Question 7

Cell Cycle

Answer 7

Interphase (majority of the cycle):
G1-
S-
G2-
Mitotic Phase: mitosis then cytokinesis

Question 8

Histones

Answer 8

Proteins that DNA strands wrap around

Question 9

Chromatin

Answer 9

Complex of DNA and proteins (mainly histones) that make up chromosomes

Question 10

Centromere

Answer 10

Region where the chromatids are most closely attached
Centriole attaches to centromere in cell division

Question 11

Diploid

Answer 11

Pairs of homologous chromosomes within each cell
Humans have 23 pairs

Question 12

Crossing Over

Answer 12

Chromosomes exchange large sections between pairs
Occurs during prophase I of meiosis I
Crossing over region is called chaismata

Question 13

Tetrad

Answer 13

The product of homologous pairs of chromosomes binding together during synapsis

Question 14

Chiasmata

Answer 14

Crossing over region on chromosome

Question 15

Gene

Answer 15

A discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide
sequence in DNA
A factor of inheritance controlling a trait

Question 16

Locus

Answer 16

A specific spot on a chromosome where a given gene is located

Question 17

Allele

Answer 17

Alternative versions of a gene

Question 18

Homozygous

Answer 18

Having identical alleles for a gene

Question 19

Heterozygous

Answer 19

Having two different alleles for a gene

Question 20

Dominant Allele

Answer 20

The allele that is fully expressed in the phenotype of a heterozygote

Question 21

Recessive Allele

Answer 21

The allele that is not expressed/masked in the phenotype of a heterozygote

Question 22

Phenotype

Answer 22

The observable traits of an organism determined by its genes

Question 23

Genotype

Answer 23

Genetic makeup/set of alleles of an organism

Question 24

Monohybrid

Answer 24

Single gene of interest

Question 25

Dihybrid

Answer 25

Two genes of interest

Question 26

Independent Assortment

Answer 26

The alleles of different genes segregate/assort independently of each other into gametes

Question 27

Incomplete Dominance

Answer 27

One allele is partially/incompletely dominant over the other Phenotype is midway between homozygotes

Question 28

Co-Dominance

Answer 28

The heterozygote expresses the phenotypes of both homozygotes Neither allele is dominant

Question 29

Non-Dysjunction

Answer 29

Chromosomes fail to seperate in cell division

Question 30

Pseudo-Autosomal Region

Answer 30

Region on X and Y chromosomes where alleles for the genes are inherited in a similar way to autosomal alleles (on the tips of the chromosomes)

Question 31

Barr Body

Answer 31

Condensed inactive X chromosome that attaches to the inner surface of nuclear envelope in somatic cells