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Media Studies > Glossary > Flashcards

Glossary Flashcards

1
Q

what is an action code?

A

something that happens in the narrative that tells the audience that some action will follow- cheating partner and spouse pulls up in the driveway

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2
Q

what is an active audience?

A

audiences actively engage in selecting media products to consume and interpreting their meanings

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3
Q

what is anchorage text?

A

the words that accompany an image (still or moving) contributing to the meaning associated with the image. If the words are changed, this may change the overall interpretation.

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4
Q

what is appeal? (in terms of media products)

A

the way in which products attract and interest an audience, e.g.-through familiar genre conventions, stereotypes)

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5
Q

what is an arc of transformation?

A

the emotional changes a character goes through in the process of the narrative. the events in the story mean that they will ‘transform’ by the end of the story

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6
Q

what does aspirational mean? (in terms of media texts)

A

one that encourages the audience to want more money, up-market consumer items and a higher social position

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7
Q

what does attract mean?

A

how media producers create appeal to audiences to encourage them to consume the product

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8
Q

what does audience categorisation mean?

A

how media producers group audiences (e.g.- by age, gender, ethnicity) to target their products

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9
Q

what does audience consumption mean?

A

the way in which audiences engage with media products (e.g.- viewing a TV programme, playing a video game, reading a blog or magazine). Methods of consumption have changed significantly due to the development of digital technologies.

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10
Q

what does audience interpretation mean?

A

the way in which audiences ‘read’ the meanings in, and make sense of, media products

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11
Q

what does audience positioning mean?

A

the way in which media products place audiences (literally or metaphorically) in relation to a particular point of view. For example, audiences may be positioned with a particular character or positioned to adopt a specific ideological perspective.

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12
Q

what does audience response mean?

A

how audiences react to media products (e.g.- by accepting the intended meanings, or preferred readings)

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13
Q

what is audience segmentation?

A

Where a target audience is divided up due to the diversity and range of programmes and channels. This makes it difficult for one programme to attract a large target audience

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14
Q

what is audio?

A

How sound is used to communicate meaning- voice-over, dialogue, music, SFX, etc.

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15
Q

What is an avatar?

A

A player’s representation of themselves within a game

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16
Q

What is a back story?

A

Part of a narrative which may be the experiences of a character or the circumstances of an event that occur before the action or narrative of a media text.

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17
Q

What are binary opposites?

A

Where texts incorporate examples of opposite values

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18
Q

What is brand identity?

A

The association the audience make with the brand, built up over time and reinforced by the advertising campaigns and their placement

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19
Q

What is a broadsheet?

A

A larger newspaper that publishes more serious news, for example the Guardian

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20
Q

What are camera angles?

A

The angle of the camera in relation to the subject.

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21
Q

What are camera shots?

A

The type of shot and framing in relation to the subject

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22
Q

What is a caption?

A

Words that accompany an image that help to explain it’s meaning

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23
Q

What is a channel identity?

A

That which makes the channel recognisable to audiences and different from any other channel

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24
Q

What is circulation?

A

The spreading (dissemination) of media products to audiences/users- the method will depend on the media form

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25
Q

What are connotations?

A

The suggested meanings attached to a sign

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26
Q

What are conventions?

A

What the audience expects to see in a particular media text

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27
Q

What is convergence?

A

The coming together of previously separate media industries and/or platforms- i.e.- a print-based advert and the same advert on social media and on TV

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28
Q

What are cover lines?

A

These suggest the content to the reader and often contain teasers and rhetorical questions.

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29
Q

What is cross-platform marketing?

A

In media terms, a text that is distributed and exhibited across a range of media formats or platforms.

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30
Q

What is cultural captial?

A

The media tastes and preferences of an audience, traditionally linked to social class/background

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31
Q

What is a demographic category?

A

A group in which consumers are placed according to:
-their age
-their sex
-their income
-thier profession
The catergoires range from A to E where categories A and B are the wealthiest and most influential members of society

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32
Q

What is a denotation?

A

The literal meaning of a sign

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33
Q

What is digetic sound?

A

Sound that comes from the scene, or fictional word, e.g.- a gun firing in a TV show, a ambulance siren in a advert

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34
Q

What is discourse?

A

The topics, language and meanings or values behind them within a media text.

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35
Q

What is distribution?

A

The methods by which media products are delivered to audiences, including the marketing campaign

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36
Q

What is diversification?

A

Where media organisations who have specialsied in producing media products in ome form move into producing content accross a range of forms.

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37
Q

What is editing?

A

The way in which the shots move from one to the other (transitions)

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38
Q

What is encoding and decoding?

A

Media producers encode messages and meanings into products that are decoded, or interpretated, by audiences

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39
Q

What is an enigma code?

A

A narrative device which increases tension and audeinces interest by only releasing bits of information, for example teaser trailers for films

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40
Q

What is equilibrium?

A

In relation to narrative, a state of balance or stability (In Todorov’s theory the equilibrium is disrupted and ultimateley restored)

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41
Q

What is ethnocentric?

A

A belief in ther superority of one’s own enthinc group or culture.

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42
Q

What is ethos?

A

The beliefs, vlaues and customs of, for example, media organisations (think BBC’s Royal Charter)

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43
Q

What is a fan?

A

An enthusiast or afficionado of a particular media form or product

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44
Q

What is a feature? (In terms of magazines)

A

the main, or one of the mian, stories in an edition

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45
Q

What is a flexi narrative?

A

A more complex narrative structre with layers of interweaving storylines. This challenges the audiences and keeps them watching

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46
Q

What are the fours Cs?

A

This stands for Cross Cultural Consumer Characteristics and was a way of categorising consumers into groups through their motivational needs, such as Mainstreamers, Aspirers, Explorers, and Reformers

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47
Q

What is a franchise?

A

An entire series of, for example, a film that included the original and includes all the suceeding ones

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48
Q

What are gate keepers?

A

The people responsible for deciding the most appropriate stories to appear in newspapers. They could be the owner, eidtor or senior journalists.

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49
Q

What is a genre?

A

categories containing media texts that all share similar conventions

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50
Q

What is global? (in terms of media products)

A

Worldwide, a media product that has a global reach and is distributed around the world.

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51
Q

What is hegemony?

A

The dominance of one group over another, often suported by legitimating norms and ideas.

52
Q

What is horizontial integration?

A

Where a media conglomerate is made up of different companies that produce and sell similar products, often as a result of mergers.

53
Q

What is a house style?

A

The aspects that make a magazine recognisable to it’s readwers every single issue. It coould use some of the following:
-colour
-layout
-design
-font
-content

54
Q

What is a hybrid genre?

A

Media texcts that incorporate elements of more than one genre and are therfore more difficult to classify.

55
Q

What is the hypodermic needle model?

A

It is generally acknowledged to be an out of date media effects thoery which suggests that an audience will have a mass response to a mieda text.

56
Q

What is iconography?

A

The props, costumes, objects, and backgrounds associated with a particular genre

57
Q

What is ideology?

A

A set of messages, values, and beliefs that may be encoded into media products

58
Q

What is an independant film?

A

A film made outside of financial and artists control of a large mainstream film company. Can sometime sbe privatley concieved and funded.

59
Q

What is an independant record label?

A

A record label that operates without the funding of, and that is not necessarily linked to, a major record label.

60
Q

What is intellectual property?

A

A legal concept which refers to creatons of the mind for which the owner’s rights are recognised.

61
Q

What is an interactive audience?

A

The ways in which audiences can become actively involved with a product

62
Q

What does intertextual mean?

A

It’s where one meida text makes references to apsects of snother text within it. (Taylor Swift’s Bad Blood music video has intertextual links with Pulp Fiction, this would be classed as intertextuality)

63
Q

What are layout and design?

A

The way in which a page has been designed to attract the target audience, this includes:
-font style
-positioning
-texts and images
-colour

64
Q

What is a linear narrative?

A

Where a narrative unfolds in chronological order

65
Q

What is ludology?

A

The study of games and those who play them

66
Q

What is masculinity?

A

The percieved characterisitcs generally considered to define what it is to be a man.

67
Q

What is a mass audience?

A

The traditional idea of the audience as one large, homogenous group

68
Q

What is a media conglomerate?

A

A company that owns other companies across a range of media platforms. This increases their domination in the market

69
Q

What are media forms?

A

Types of mefia products, E.G.- TV, newspapers, advertising, magazines, video games, radio, etc.

70
Q

What is media language?

A

The specific elements of a media product that communicate meanings to the audience

71
Q

What is a media platform?

A

The range of different ways of communicating with an audience

72
Q

What is mediation?

A

The way in which a media text is constructed in order to represent a version of reality

73
Q

What is mise-en-scene?

A

the combination of images in the frame, and how they create meanings

74
Q

What is misrepresentation?

A

Cetain social groups (usually minority groups) may be represented in a way that is inappropriate and not based on reality

75
Q

What does MMORPG stand for?

A

Massively Multi-player Online Role-Playing Game

76
Q

What is a mode of address?

A

The way in which a media text ‘speaks to’ it’s target audience.

77
Q

What is narrative?

A

The ‘story’ or storyline that is told by a media text

78
Q

What is news agenda?

A

This list of stories that may appear in a particular paper

79
Q

What is a niche audience?

A

Arelatively small audience with specialised interests, tastes and backgrounds

80
Q

What is non-diegetic sound?

A

Sound that comes from outside the fictional world; voice-overs, music, end credit sound, etc.

81
Q

What is a non-linear narrative?

A

The narrative manipuloates time and space. It has a non-chronilogical layout and may include a lot of flashbacks, flashforwards, etc.

82
Q

What is an open world?

A

In a computer game, it’s a world where players can move freely and is not restricted by levels and other barriers to free roaming.

83
Q

What are opinion leaders?

A

People in society who may affect the way in which others interpret a particular media text

84
Q

What is a passive audience?

A

The idea, now regarded as outdated, that audiences do no actively engage with media products, but just consume and accept the messages that producers communicate without any thought.

85
Q

What is a patriarchal culture?

A

A society or culture that is male dominated

86
Q

What is the pix and mix theory?

A

By David Gauntlett, He the autonomy of the audience and challenged the notiion that audiences are immediately affected by what they read. They say that audiences are more sophisticated than this and will select aspects of the media texts that best suit their needs and ignore the rest

87
Q

What is plurality

A

In media context, this refers to a range of context to suit many people

88
Q

What is political bias?

A

Where a newspaper may show support for a political party through it’s choice of stories, style of convergence, cartoons, etc. It may be subtle and implicit or explicit as in the case of tabloids on election day.

89
Q

What is a priviledged spectator position?

A

Where the camera places the audience in a superior position within the narrative. The audience can then anticipate what will follow

90
Q

What is production?

A

The process by which media prodcuts are constructed

91
Q

What are products?

A

Media texts, including adverts, magazines, radio, video games, newspapers as well as online, social and participatory platforms

92
Q

What is a public service braodcaster, or PBS?

A

A radio or television programme that is financed by public money and is seen to offer a public service

93
Q

What is realism?

A

A style of presentation that claims to prtray ‘real life’ accurately and authentically

94
Q

What is a regulator?

A

A person or body that supervises a particular industry, like the BBFC for films and IPSO for newspapers

95
Q

What is the repertoire of elements?

A

key features that distinguish onegenre from another

96
Q

What is representation?

A

The way in which key groups or aspects of soceity are presented by the media

97
Q

What is selection and combination?

A

Media producers actively choose elements of media language and place them alongside others to create specific representations or versions of reality

98
Q

What is sexual objectification?

A

The practice of regarding a person as an object to be viewed only in terms of their sexual appeal and with no consideration of any other aspect of their character or personality

99
Q

What is a sign/code?

A

Something which communicates meaning. The meaning of the sign changes according to context

100
Q

What is a simulcast?

A

The streaming of live radio programmes from the website at the same time as they are broadcast on the radio

101
Q

What is a specialised audience?

A

A non-mass, or niche, audience that may be defined by a particular social group or a specific interest

102
Q

What is a splash?

A

The story that is given the most prominence on the front page of a newspaper

103
Q

What is a stereotype?

A

An exaggerated representation of someone or something. It is also where a certain group are associated with a certain set of characteristics

104
Q

What does stripped mean?

A

A technique used in radio and television whereby a certain programme is broadcast at the same time every day

105
Q

What is a sub-genre?

A

Where a genre is sub-divided into small categories each of which has their own set of conventions

106
Q

What is a subject-specific lexis?

A

The specific language and vocabulary used to engage the audience

107
Q

What is synergy?

A

The combination of elements to maximise profits within a media organisation or product

108
Q

What is a tabloid?

A

the term refers to the dimensions of a newspaper, it’s smaller and more compact in size

109
Q

What is a target audience?

A

The people at whom the media text is aimed

110
Q

What are technical codes?

A

These are the way in which the text has been produced to communicate meanings and are part of media language

111
Q

What is textual poaching?

A

The way in which audiences or fans may take particular texts and interpret or reinvent them in different ways

112
Q

What is underrepresentation?

A

Certain social groups may be rarely represented or be completely absent from media products

113
Q

What is the uses and gratification theory?

A

Suggests audiences seek out media products in order to satisfy:
P Personal identity
I information
E entertainment/escapism
S social interaction

114
Q

What is vertical integration?

A

Vertically integrated companies own all or most of the chain of production and distribution for the product

115
Q

What are viewpoints?

A

Different perspectives in relation to values, attitudes, beliefs or ideologies

116
Q

What is viral marketing?

A

Where the awareness of the product or the advertising camaign is spread through less conventional ways including social networks and the internet

117
Q

What are visual codes?

A

The visual aspects of the product that construct meaning and are part of media language

118
Q

What is the ‘window of the world’ ?

A

The idea that media texts, particularly those that present aspects of reality, are showing the audience the ‘real’ world as it happens.

119
Q

What is technical convergence?

A

is where a product can be accessed on multiple devices, such as phones, tablets, laptops, tv, game consoles and smartwatches

120
Q

What does Dominant ideology mean?

A

attitudes, beliefs values and morals shared by the majority of people, - things sometimes that aren’t questioned and that receives general acceptance in a society and is supported by it’s elected governors and religious leaders.

121
Q

What is pre-production?

A

the planning stage, where things such as budgeting, scripting/storyboards, research, forming a concept and hiring a crew take place

122
Q

What post-production?

A

the editing and ‘coming together’ stage, where editing, and previews to critics and testers

123
Q

What is distribution?

A

Where a project is released, for example cinemas and streaming services, or to shops for newspapers and magazines

124
Q

What is consumption?

A

this stage includes data collection, interaction with the project and potentially sequel planning

125
Q

What is cinematography?

A

How the camera is used (angles, etc.)

Media Studies (15 decks)

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