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Glomerular- Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the hormone secreted by the kidneys to stimulate the production of RBC’s by hematopoietic stem cells in bone marrow?

A

Erythropoietin

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2
Q

What does the kidney produce which is essential for normal calcium deposition in bone and calcium reabsorption in the GI tract?

A

active form of vitamin D (calcitrol, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D)

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3
Q

Give me all the branches from the renal artery down to the glomerulus.

A

renal artery –> segmental arteries –> interlobar arteries –> arcuate arteries –> interlobular arteries –> afferent arterioles –> glomerular capillaries

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4
Q

The distal ends of the glomerular capillaries combine to form the efferent arterioles which lead to this network which surround the renal tubules.

A

Peritubular capillaries

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5
Q

True or False: glomerular capillaries have a higher hydrostatic pressure than other capillaries.

A

True!

it’s ~60mmHg

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6
Q

What is the thing of the nephron that surrounds the glomerulus?

A

Bowman’s capsule

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7
Q

Is the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) in the cortex or medulla of the kidney?

A

Cortex

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8
Q

Is the loop of the henle (LH) mainly in the cortex or medulle of the kidney?

A

medulla

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9
Q

Is the distal convoluted tubule in the cortex or medulla?

A

Cortex

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10
Q

These type of nephrons have glomeruli in the outer cortex, have short LH, and the entire tubular system is surrounded by peritubular capillaries.

A

Cortical nephrons

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11
Q

These nephrons are clost to the cortex/medulla border, have long LH, and have the vasa recta.

A

Juxtamedullary nephrons

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12
Q

The long LH in the juxtamedullary nephrons helps concentrate the urine, which is important in which animal, specifically?

A

Kangaroo mouse

they have extremely long loops of henle cuz it helps concentrate the urine a ton because they live in the desert lol. random fact for today.

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13
Q

What is the main nerve supply to the bladder?

A

Parasympathics from the Pelvic nerves (S2-4)

“P”arasymp from the “P”elvic nn.

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14
Q

What is the nerve that innervates the external bladder sphincter?

A

Pudendal nerve

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15
Q

Is the pudendal n voluntary or involuntary?

A

Voluntary (controls when u pee dawg)

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16
Q

What are the sympathetic nevres to the bladder which stimulate blood vessels?

A

Hypogastric nn (L2)

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17
Q

Which nn sense stretch in the bladder wall when it fills with pee to begin the mictruition reflex?

A

Pelvic splanchnics

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18
Q

The pelvic splanchnics tell whcih nerves to cause which nerves to stimulate the detrouser muscle to contract?

A

They signal themselves. It’s like jerk—

nvm.

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19
Q

Which nerve fibers are destroyed to cause an atonic bladder?

A

Sensory fibers

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20
Q

In addition to crush injury to the sacral region or DRG dmg, what infeciton can u get to cause an atonic bladder?

A

Syphilis (Tabes dorsalis)

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21
Q

What are the Sx to an atonic bladder?

A

ur incontinent but constantly leak pee.

overflow incontinence

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22
Q

Where must the damage be to cause an “automatic” bladder?

A

damange above the sacral region

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23
Q

Why does damage above the sacral region cause an automatic bladder?

A

it allows micruition reflexed to still occur but it is no longer controlled by the brain.

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24
Q

What are the Sx to an automatic bladder?

A

periodic, unnanounced, peeing

bladder has its own brain! lol

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25
Q

Where must the damage be to cause an uninhibited neurogenic bladder?

A

partial dmg to the spinal cord or brainstem that damages the inhibitory signals from the brain

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26
Q

What are the Sx to uninhibited neurogenic bladder?

A

frequent and relatively uncontrolled mictruition

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27
Q

Glomerular filtration, Reabsorption of substances from the tubules, and Secretion of substances from the blood all effect what property of a substance?

A

The rate at which it’s excreted

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28
Q

What is 1 substance that is filtered but NEITHER reabsorbed nor secreted?

A

Creatinine

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29
Q

So the excretion rate of creatinine can give us what other value since it’s neither reabsorbed or secreted?

A

filtration rate

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30
Q

What are 2 thing sthat are freely filtered but is not excrete into the urine because of 100% reabsorption?

A

glucose and amino acids

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31
Q

What is the excretion rate of glucose and amino acids then?

A

0

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32
Q

What are some substances that are freely filtered and is NOT absorbed, but additional quantities are secreted?

A

Organic acids and bases

33
Q

So for organic acids and bases, is excretion rate higher or lower than filtration rate?

34
Q

This is the volue of blood delivered to the kidneys per unit time.

A

Renal blood flow (RBF)

35
Q

What % of the cardiac output is RBF?

A

22% (1.1L/min)

36
Q

This is the volume of the blood PLASMA delivered to the kidneys per unit time.

A

Renal Plasma Flow (RPF)

37
Q

What is the averageRPF?

A

~650 mL/min

38
Q

This is the voluem of fluid filtered from the glomerular capillaries into Bowmans capsule per unit time.

A

Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)

39
Q

What is the average GFR?

A

125 mL/min

40
Q

This is the fracton of the RPF that is filtred as it passes through the glomerular capillaries.

A

Filtration fraction (FF)

41
Q

What is the eqn for the filtration fraction?

A

FF = GFR/RPF

basically:
% filtered) = (amt actually filtered)/(possible amt to be filtered

42
Q

What is the average FF?

43
Q

These are the small holes in the endothelium of the capillary.

44
Q

Though the fenestrae are large enough for plasma proteins to flow through them, what keeps them from flowing through?

A

Fenstrae have a negative charge (repels them bitches)

45
Q

What composes the basement membrane?

A

Collagen and proteoglycan fibrils

46
Q

Though small susbtances like water and solutes can get through, waht prevents the filtration of plasma protiens through the basement membrane?

A

strong negative charge

47
Q

What surrounds the outer surface of the capillary basement membrane?

A

Epithelial cells (podocytes)

48
Q

What separates the podocytes?

A

Slit pores

49
Q

What prevents the filtration of plasma proteins through the slit pores?

A

negative charge

basically, the renal corpuscle is a big negative nancy

50
Q

This is the sum of the hydrostatic and colloid osmotic forces across the glomerular membrane.

A

Net Filtration Pressure (NFP)

51
Q

This is the product of the PERMABILITY and filtering surface area of the capillaries.

A

Filtration coefficient (Kf)

52
Q

What is a normal Kf?

A

12.5 mL/min/mmHg

53
Q

Kf and NFP are both factors to what greater entity?

54
Q

So what’s the eqn for GFR?

A

GFR = Kf x NFP

55
Q

What is normal NFP?

56
Q

Diabetes, renal disease, and HTN ↓ what value to ↓ GFR?

57
Q

Urinary tract obstruction ↑ what value to ↓ GFR?

A

↑ bowmans hydrostatic pressure (Pb)

58
Q

↓ RBF and increased plasma proteins ↑ what value to ↓ GFR?

A

↑ glomarular colloid pressure

59
Q

↓ arterioal pressure ↓ what value to ↓ PG?

A

↓ glomarular hydrostatic pressure

60
Q

↓ angiotensin II ↓ what value to ↓ PG?

A

↓ EFFERENT arteriolar resistance (less vasoconstriction)

61
Q

↑ SANS activity and vasoconstrictor hormones ↑ what value to ↓ PG?

A

↑ AFFERENT arteriolar resistance

62
Q

So in essence, if we ↑ EFFERENT arteriolar RESISTANCE, will we ↑ or ↓ GFR?

63
Q

And if we ↑ AFFERENT arteriolar RESISTANCE, will we ↑ or ↓ GFR?

64
Q

So what happens if we dilate afferent arterioles, will we ↑ or ↓ GFR?

65
Q

If we ↑ the efferent arteriolar resistance, will RBF ↑ or ↓?

66
Q

And if we ↑ the afferent arteriolar resistance, will RBF ↑ or ↓?

67
Q

What is the equation to determine RBF?

A

RBF = [(Renal a. Pressure) - (Renal v. Pressure)]/Resistance

68
Q

This is the process of how the kidneys maintain effective mechanisms of constant RBF and GFR over a wide range of arterial pressure.

A

Autoregulation

69
Q

True or False: blood flow to the vasa recta is higher than the flow to the renal cortex.

A

FALSE. it’s very low

70
Q

This is the mechanism to stabilize NaCl delivery to the distal tubule by a link between the macula densa and the renal arteriolar resistance.

A

Tubuloglomerular feedback

71
Q

The tubuloglomarular feedback depends on a special anatomical arrangement of the macular densa next to what other structure?

A

Juxtaglomerular complex

72
Q

Which cells (macula densa or juxtaglomerular) sense changes in [NaCl] for the tubuloglomerular feedback?

A

Macula densa

73
Q

What change in GFR would cause a ↓ [NaCl] at the macula densa?

A

↓ GFR –> ↑ reabsorption of NaCl along ascending LH –> ↓ [NaCl] at macula densa

74
Q

What are the 2 effects of the macula densa in response to ↓ [NaCl]?

A
  1. ↓ resistance of afferent arterioles

2. ↑ renin release from juxtaglomerular cells

75
Q

So when the macula densa ↑ renin release, how does that ↑ GFR?

A

by activating the RAAS system to constrict efferent arterioles –> ↑ GFR

76
Q

And when the macular densa ↓ resistance of the afferent arteriole, how does that ↑ GFR?

A

vasodilation of afferent arteriole –> ↑ RBF –> ↑ GFR

77
Q

This is the ability of individual blood vessels to resist stratching during increased arterial pressure, which maintains a constant RBF and GFR.

A

Myogenic feedback

78
Q

Stretching of vascular walls allows increased movement of what ions from the ECF to the cells, causign them to contract?

79
Q

High protein intake (MUSCLE MILK U NOOB) and increased blood glucose (DIABETES WHERE U AT) do what do RBF and GFR?

A

↑ them both

Renal (7 decks)

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