Glodme 1.1 test Flashcards
Agriculture
practice of farming; economically dependent in feudal society
Industry (as basis for)
concerned with the processing of raw materials and manufactured goods in factories; economically dependent in market economy
Means of production
raw materials and means of labor employed in production; facilites and resources for producing goods
Feudalism
a loose system of alliances in which armed landowners seek security through threats and pledges of loyalty; pre industrial society; land was valued; very separate social classes
Peasant/Peasantry
Exchanges work for security and order; lowest social class in the feudal society; worked Noble’s land but did not own any of their own
Middle class
in between nobility and peasantry; desire private capital; merchants and artisans (not farmers, not fighters, but everyone else)
Noble/Nobility
owns and protects land; land was very valued so they secured their land through arranged marriages and protected with weaponry; own land that they don’t work
Monarchy
government ruled by one person who is thought to have divine right; single, inherited noble position
Ruler/Subject relationship
ruler rules people; people below him are subjects; must obey the ruler
Citizen relationship
the state of being vested with rights, privileges and duties of a citizen and being able to cooperate with other citizens
Mechanization
employ a machine or animal to help with production; industrialized; less of a dependence on human labor
Market
place of open exchange in context of competition to create incentive; a place or system in which individual buyers and sellers are free to choose and compete with each other for the best deal; an exchange in the context of competition
Industry/industrialization
Transformation from feudalism to a system that values capital and money; faster means of production with greater surplus; divisions of labor; exchanges work for wage
Urbanization
process of urbanizing/moving to cities; increased population of cities because more jobs are available there; population growth
Capital
wealth in the form of money; value employed in the economy; new means of production in industry
Labor
physical work
Commodification
transfer of goods and services into a commodity/something purchasable; Marx argues that the bourgeoisie commodify everything
Liberalism
society must protect individual rights; emerged from industrial society; main role of government is the protection of individual rights; philosophy founded on equality and liberty
Liberal democracy
representative democracy with dedication to protecting individual rights; purpose to negotiate conflicting ideas of power; people rule
Nationalism
group of people who believe the same things and exercise them in the same way (identify as a common group); feelings of patriotism
Ethnic nationalism
common identity based on race, religion, language, etc; often based on ancestry
Civic nationalism
people of a country are unified by shared citizenship and laws (not race, religion, language, etc); often based on an agreement/set of policies; regions united by citizenship; believed in assimilating to dominant culture
Modern
early 20th century movement; rethinking of all things as objective and scientifically; explains changes in art, politics, gender roles, etc objectively and naturally; rejects tradition; associated with the rise of industry
modern
contemporary, now; changes frequently
Charles Darwin
challenged the traditional thinking of what he saw in nature; developed theories of evolution; objective thinking of the differences between species; distinctly Modern
Adam Smith
Capitalistic; belief in the division of labor, saw it has transformative; belief that private ownership of capital leads to innovation, productivity and overall prosper/enrichment of a nation; must product individual property and products to create incentive to improve production; theory of Invisible Hand;
Capitalism
economic philosophy; argues that individual incentive is needed for a society to grow, prosper and innovate; suggests that people put self-interest/need for income first
Division of labor
divide up steps required to make a product; able to make it more quickly and of better quality because each person is specialized; improve efficiency by assigning different parts of manufacturing process to different people
Labor Theory of Value
the worth of a product or services is equivalent to the amount of human work that went into making it; a lot of human labor = expensive product, less labor = inexpensive; work is relative to labor not money
“The Invisible Hand”
concept by Adam Smith; everyone benefits; incentivized by capital not charity so competition is essential; working for individual benefits but mutual dependence leads to widespread benefits
Hegelian Dialectic
evolutionary historical model; certain ideas become dominant and cause the creation of opposing ideas; evolution of conflicting tasks working towards some ideal form
Zeitgeist
the spirit of time
Thesis
statement or theory put forth as a premise to be proven/maintained; Hegelian Dialectic established theses about culture scientifically
Antithesis
opposite of the thesis; thesis and antithesis cannot coexist
Synthesis
new resolution formed as a result of the conflicting thesis and antithesis
Karl Marx/Marxism
argued that private ownership of capital leads to exploitation of labor; wrote Communist Manifesto; explained the bourgeoisie and how it will cause the rise of the proletariat class, leading to communism; strongly deterministic (suggested individuals don’t really matter and change is inevitable/dependent on economy or geography)
Dialectical Materialism
philosophy of science and nature to define evolution; based on the writings of Karl Marx
Bourgeois
reliant on capital; exploit or destroy competing groups and only adopt the traditions that help them in competition; support the working proletariat class; drives the building of overseas trade empires; capital owning class, control means of production and government
Proletariat
working class in industrial society; exchanges its work for wages; established as a result of the bourgeoisie
Class consciousness
proletariat began to recognize that they were not treated properly or as an “individual” so came together and started a revolution against the bourgeoisie → communism; awareness of one’s place in a system of social classes
Communism
Abolish private property; no difference between social classes; not dependent on capital; no private capital: individuals own individual means of production; anarchy; deterministic
Imperialism
a policy of extending a country’s power and influence through diplomacy and military force
Imperial Narrative
a part of the evolution of the epic genre and its ways of imagining community
Eurocentrism
belief that Europe is ahead of the rest of the world (industrialized); dominant; enlightened, benevolent, trade hub, prosperous, superior; absolute progress for everyone; trade/economic wealth; patriarchal; concepts reinforced by industry and Christianity
Cultural Relativism
sweep of culture was to great to establish a relationship between culture and race
“The White Man’s Burden”
poem by Rudy and Kipling (1899); at face value it appeals to the rhetorical command to white men to colonize and rule other nations; emblematic of Eurocentric racism and Western aspirations to dominate
