Globalization Flashcards
It refers to increasing interconnectivity and interdependence between countries, driven by economic, social, political, and technological advancements
Globalization
is a multifaceted phenomenon that is influenced by economic, political, and cultural processes, reshaping how individuals, communities, and nations interact globally.
Globalization
refers to the increasing interdependence and integration of national economies into the international economy
Economic Process
The expansion of international trade and the establishment of global markets for goods and services.
Trade and Investment
The increased movement of capital across
borders, including foreign direct investment (FDI), portfolio investment, and international banking.
Financial Flows
The spread of technological advancements and innovations across countries is driven by the need to stay competitive in a global market.
Technology and Innovation
Labor mobility, where workers migrate across borders for better employment opportunities, is often influenced by economic disparities between region
Global Labor Market
operate in multiple countries, seeking to maximize profits through global production
networks and supply chains. These corporations often invest in various countries, bringing capital, technology, and employment.
Multinational Corporations (MNCs)
involves how political relationships and structures adapt to the globalized world.
Political Process
development of international institutions and agreements aimed at managing global issues. This includes organizations
like the United Nations (UN), the World Trade Organization (WTO), the International Monetary Fund (IMF), and the
World Bank.
Global Governance
may cede some level of control to supranational entities or agreements to participate in the global economy. This can lead to tensions between global governance and national interests.
National sovereignty
formation of political unions and agreements, such as the European Union (EU), which exemplify efforts to create political and economic integration on a regional scale.
Political Integration
The rise of global civil society that influence political decisions across borders. These networks include non-governmental organizations (NGOs), social movements, and advocacy groups that address issues like human rights, environmental protection, and social justice.
Transnational Advocacy Networks
The harmonization of policies and regulatory frameworks across countries to facilitate international cooperation and reduce barriers to trade and investment.
Policy convergence
- refers to the spread and interaction of cultural elements across the globe.
Cultural Process
- The increased interaction and exchange of cultural practices, ideas, and values between different societies. This includes the spread of languages, food, music, fashion, and traditions,
Cultural Exchange
- The tendency towards a uniform global culture, often driven by the dominance of Western (particularly American) cultural products and media. This can lead to the erosion of local cultures and identities.
Cultural Homogenization
The blending of different cultural elements to create new, hybrid cultures. This process highlights the dynamic and adaptive nature of cultures in a globalized world.
Cultural Hybridization
The role of global media networks and the internet in disseminating information and cultural content. The widespread use of social media platforms has accelerated the exchange and influence of cultural trends across borders.
Media and Communication
Globalization can lead to both the affirmation of local identities in response to global pressures and the adoption of global cultural elements in local contexts.
Identity and Diversity
- encourages countries to harmonize their trade policies by reducing tariffs, subsidies, and other barriers to international trade, leading to a more open and predictable global trading system.
World Trade Organization (WTO) Agreements
- a convergence of environmental policies where countries commit to limiting global warming to below 2 degrees Celsius above freezing industrial level
Paris Agreement on Climate Change
is a specialized agency of the United Nations responsible for international public health.
World Health Organization
is an independent international tribunal that prosecutes individuals for genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes, and crimes of aggression.
International Criminal Court (ICC)
globalization is a triumph of a capitalist world economy tied by a global division of labor in the context of his world-system theory.
Immanuel Wallerstein
- most economically developed, with advanced industries, they dominate the global economy by controlling the most profitable activities, such as technology and finance.
Core countries
- less developed and often rely on exporting raw materials or labor-intensive goods, exploited by the core for their resources and cheap labor.
Periphery countries
- have characteristics of both and often serve as intermediaries in the global economy.
Semi-periphery countries
According to _______, globalization is a complex process that involves the incorporation of people from around the world into a single, interconnected global society
Martin Albrow
According to _____, globalization is a intensification of worldwide social relations which link distant localities in such a way that local happenings are shaped by events occurring many miles away and vice versa”.
Anthony Giddens
globalization is a fluid, contested process that continuously produces and reproduces cultural identities through the complex interplay of sameness and difference on a global scale.
Arjun Appadurai
emphasizes that globalization involves multiple processes that occur simultaneously and interact with one another in complex ways.
James H. Mittelman
refers to the principle that states have supreme authority over their territory and domestic affairs, free from external interference.
State sovereignty
influence national policies and global decision-making, often superseding the power of individual states in certain areas
Intergovernmental Organizations (IGOs)
Have a strong presence in multiple countries but centralize operations in their home country (ex: Coca-Cola,
Toyota).
Multinational Corporations
Operate more globally, without a distinct home base, and adapt strategies to local markets (ex: Unilever).
Transnational Corporations
- are regional agreements between countries to promote free trade and reduce barriers.
trade blocs
- The removal of trade barriers, such as tariffs and quotas, allows for the unrestricted exchange of goods and services across borders.
free trade
- Transferring ownership of state-owned enterprises to private entities to increase efficiency and
encourage foreign investment
Privatization
These norms can clash with local traditions, laws, or governance models, pressuring nation-states to conform to
international expectations.
Global Political Norms
The world is interconnected through advances in communication and technology, making it feel like a smaller, unified community where people can interact in real time despite geographical distances.
Global Village
Improved transportation and communication technologies reduce the perceived distance between places, making global interactions faster and more accessible.
Shrinking World
• The dominance of certain cultures, particularly Western (e.g., American or European), over others through media,
consumer products, and corporate influence.
Cultural imperialism
Local traditions and cultures may erode or become homogenized, leading to a loss of cultural diversity and the
imposition of external values.
Cultural Imperialism
Various forms of connectivity
Economic connectivity
Technological connectivity
Cultural connectivity
Political connectivity
Form of connectivity by trade, investment, and global supply chains.
Economic connectivity
A form of connectivity by internet, communication networks, and social media.
Technological connectivity
A form of connectivity by exchange of ideas, values, and traditions.
Cultural connectivity
International alliances, agreements, and institutions.
Political connectivity
is a critique of globalization, often used to challenge exaggerated or overly simplistic interpretations of the phenomenon.
Globaloney
believes that globalization is not as pervasive or transformative as it is often portrayed.
globaloney
completely dismiss the idea of globalization, arguing that it is either a myth or has been grossly exaggerated.
Rejectionists
acknowledge the existence of globalization but doubt its depth, uniformity, or impact
Sceptics
believe in the concept of globalization but argue that it needs to be redefined, contextualized, or critically analyzed to reflect its complexities and limitations.
Modifiers
Appadurai introduces the idea of scapes
Ethnoscapes
Mediascapes
Technoscapes
Financescapes
Ideoscapes
