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Contemporary world > Globalization > Flashcards

Globalization Flashcards

1
Q

described globalization as “the expansion and intensification of social relations and consciousness across world-time and across world-space

A

Manfred Steger

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2
Q
  • Results from the removal of barriers between national economies to encourage the flow of goods, services, capital, and labor.
A

Globalization

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3
Q

Philosophies of the varying definition of the globalization

A

1) Globalization is about the liberalization and global integration of markets.
2) Globalization is inevitable and irreversible.
3) Nobody is in charge of globalism.
4) Globalization benefits everyone in the long run.
5) Globalization furthers the spread of democracy in the world.

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4
Q
  • The process by which businesses or other organizations develop international influence or start operating on an international scale.
A

Globalization

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5
Q

_are the processes and institutions that facilitate the movement of goods, services, people, ideas, and information across international borders. These structures can be divided into three types of globalization

A

Structures of Globalization
Economic, Cultural, Political Globalization

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6
Q

“Economic globalization is a complex issue, partly economic globalization is only one part of it. Globalization is greater global closeness, and that is cultural, social, political, as well as economic. “.

A

Amartya Sen

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7
Q

To varying degrees, national economies influence one another. One country which is capital-rich invests in another country which is poor. One who has better technologies sells these to others who lack such technologies.
The products of an advanced country enter the markets of those countries that have demands for these products. Similarly, the natural resources of developing countries are sold to developed countries that need them. Thus, globalization is predominantly an economic process involving the transfer of economic resources from one country to another.

A

Economic Globalization

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8
Q

This global flow of ideas, knowledge and values is likely to flatten out cultural differences between nations, regions and individuals.

A

Cultural Globalization

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9
Q

efforts have been on to bring the whole world under one government.
the world under one government will be safer and freer from conflicts

A

Political Globalization

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10
Q

Regional organizations

A

European Union, ASEAN, APEC and SAARC,

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11
Q

multicultural economic organizations

A

WTO (World Trade Organization)

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12
Q

Economic globalization is the increasing interconnectedness of the world’s economies. This is driven by a number of factors, including:

A

Trade and Investment, financial globalization, technology

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13
Q

The removal of trade barriers and the rise of multinational corporations have made it easier for businesses to operate across borders.

A

Trade and Investment

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14
Q

The liberalization of financial markets has made it easier for capital to flow between countries.

A

Financial globalization

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15
Q

Advances in technology, such as transportation and communication, have made it possible to move goods, services, and information around the world more quickly and cheaply.

A

Technology

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16
Q

Cultural globalization is the spread of cultural ideas and values around the world. This is driven by a number of factors, including

A

Media, Migration, tourism

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17
Q

The rise of mass media, such as television and the internet, has exposed people to different cultures from all over the world.

A

Media

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18
Q

The movement of people from one country to another has helped to spread cultural ideas and values.

A

Migration

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19
Q

has also played a role in cultural globalization by exposing people to different cultures and ways of life.

A

Tourism

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20
Q

Political globalization is the increasing cooperation and coordination between governments on a global scale. This is driven by a number of factors, including:

A

International org, Regional integration, Global challenges

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21
Q

The creation of international organizations, such as the United Nations and the World Trade Organization, has provided a forum for governments to cooperate on issues of global concern.

A

International organizations

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22
Q

The formation of regional economic blocs, such as the European Union and the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), has led to increased cooperation and coordination between governments within those regions.

A

Regional integration

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23
Q

such as climate change and terrorism, require governments to work together to find solutions.

A

Global challenges

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24
Q

examples of the structures of globalization:

A

Trade agreements: Trade agreements, such as the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and the World Trade Organization (WTO), reduce or eliminate tariffs and other trade barriers.
Investment agreements: Investment agreements, such as the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP), protect foreign investors from discrimination and expropriation.
Financial institutions: International financial institutions, such as the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF), provide loans and financial assistance to developing countries.
International organizations: International organizations, such as the United Nations and the World Health Organization (WHO), coordinate global efforts to address issues such as poverty, disease, and climate change.
Multinational corporations: Multinational corporations, such as Nike and Apple, operate in multiple countries and play a major role in the global economy.
Non-governmental organizations (NGOs): NGOs, such as Amnesty International and Oxfam, work to promote human rights and sustainable development around the world.

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25
Q

The international spread of capitalism, especially in recent decades, across national boundaries and with minimal restrictions by governments.

A

Global Economy

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26
Q
  • Also known as the modern capitalist world-economy.
  • A system which relies on economic domination.
  • It encompasses many states and built-in process of economic stabilization
A

The modern world system

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27
Q

He is perhaps best known for his development of the general approach in sociology which led to the emergence of his world-systems approach.

A

Immanuel Maurice Wallerstein

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28
Q

WWSTM: Areas that dominate the capitalist world economy and exploit the rest of the system.
[US, Japan, and Germany]

A

Core

29
Q

WWSTM: Areas that provide the raw materials to the core and are heavily exploited.
[African Region, Eastern Europe, and Latin America]

A

Periphery

30
Q

WWSTM: A residual category that encompasses a set of regions somewhere between exploiting and the exploited.
[India, China, Indonesia, Mexico, Iran and Brazil]

A

Semi-periphery

31
Q
  • A term that is used to identify a phenomenon in which markets of goods and services that are somewhat related to one another being to experience similar patterns of increase or decrease in terms of prices of those products.
  • The term can also refer to a situation in which the prices of related goods and services sold in a defined geographical location also begin to move in some sort of similar pattern to one another.
  • A situation in which separate markets for the same product become one single market
  • Market integration allows price signals to be transmitted from one market to another. It is the fusing of many markets into one
    In one market, a commodity has a single price such as the price of banana would be in East Germany and West Germany if these areas were part of the same market.
A

Market Integration

32
Q

is the acquisition of a business operating at the same level of the value chain in a similar or different industry

A

Horizontal Integration

33
Q

, where firms expand into upstream or downstream activities, which are at different stages of production.

A

Vertical integration

34
Q

established a system of payments based on the dollar, which defined all currencies in relation to the dollar, itself convertible into gold, and above all, “as good as gold” for trade. U.S. currency was now effectively the world currency, the standard to which every other currency was pegged.

A

Bretton woods

35
Q

The Beetton woods agreement

A

The Bretton Woods agreement was created in a 1944 conference of all of the World War II Allied nations. It took place in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire.
Under the agreement, countries promised that their central banks would maintain fixed exchange rates between their currencies and the dollar. If a country’s currency value became too weak relative to the dollar, the bank would buy up its currency in foreign exchange markets.

36
Q

The Features of the Bretton Woods System:

A
  • It was a US dollar-based system. Officially, was a gold-based system which treated all countries symmetrically, and the IMF [International Monetary Fund] was charged with the responsibility to manage this system.
  • It was an adjustable peg system. This means that exchange rates were normally fixed but permitted to be adjusted infrequently under certain conditions.
  • Capital control was tight.
  • Microeconomic performance was good. In particular, global price stability and high growth were simultaneously achieved under deepening trade liberalization.
37
Q

The scientific study of the development of world-systems will have important implications for issues such as human responses to climate change, ecological degradation, population density, the changing nature of the global city system, the rise and fall of hegemonic (ruling or dominant in a political or social context) core powers, transitions from unipolar to multipolar power situations, as well as resilience and systemic collapse.

A

The Global Interstate system/ world system

38
Q

an organized political community acting under a government. States may be classified as sovereign if they are not dependent on, or subject to, any other power or state. States are considered to be subject to external sovereignty, or hegemony, if their ultimate sovereignty lies in another state.

A

State

39
Q

If one element is absent, is disqualifies the area from being called a state.
In terms of territory, a state is comprised of four elements:

A

1) Government
2) Territory
3) Population
4) Sovereignty

40
Q
  • In terms of political and social organization
A

state is a political term and refers to an area that is organized for the security of people. It is a legal entity with human actions.
* Has police power and individuals who disobey are punished. A state is a political organization and it orders, coerces, and punishes.

41
Q

is a stable community of humans formed on the basis of a common language, territory, history, ethnicity, or psychological make-up manifested in a common culture. A nation is more overtly political than an ethnic group; it has been described as “a fully mobilized or institutionalized ethnic group”.

A

Nation

42
Q

An ideology based on the belief that people, goods and information ought to be able to cross national borders unfettered. A socio-economic system dedicated to free trade and free access to markets.

A

Globalism

43
Q

A political principle that advocates greater political or economic cooperation among nations and people. It is associated with other political movements and ideologies, but can also reflect a doctrine, belief system, or movement in itself.

A

Internationalism

44
Q

The term world governance is broadly used to designate all regulations intended for organization and centralization of human societies on a global scale. The Forum for a new World Governance defines world governance simply as “collective management of the planet”

A

Contemporary world governance

45
Q

“a system of social control under which the right to make laws, and the right to enforce them, is vested in a particular group in society”.

A

Government

46
Q

the rules of the political system to solve conflicts between actors and adopt decision (legality). It has also been used to describe the “proper functioning of institutions and their acceptance by the public” (legitimacy).

A

Governance

47
Q

is a movement towards political cooperation among transnational actors, aimed at negotiating responses to problems that affect more than one state or region. Institutions of global governance—the United Nations, the International Criminal Court, the World Bank, etc.—tend to have limited or demarcated power to enforce compliance.

A

Global governance or world governance
Global governance is not a singular system. There is no “world government” but the many different regimes of global governance do have commonalities

48
Q

A world of regions

A

Regionalization, regionalism, globalization, globalism, internationalization, internationalism: (2 types) liberal internationalism, socialist internationalism

49
Q

The way that an area of the world containing several countries becomes more economically or politically important than the particular countries within that area.

A

Regionalization

50
Q

A feeling of loyalty to a particular part of a country and a wish for it to be more politically independent

A

Regionalism

51
Q

The increase of trade around the world, especially by large companies producing and trading goods in many different countries

A

Globalization

52
Q

Means networks of connections spanning multi-continental distances, drawing them close together economically, socially, culturally and informationally.

A

Globalism

53
Q

The action of becoming or making something become international

A

Internationalization

54
Q

The state of being international, or happening in and between many countries

A

Internationalism

55
Q

Internationalism two broad categories

A

Liberal internationalism, socialist internationalism

56
Q

cluster of ideas derived from the belief that international progress is possible, where progress is defined as movement toward increasing levels of harmonious cooperation between political communities

A

Liberal internationalism

57
Q

Proletarian internationalism, sometimes referred to as international socialism, is the perception of all communist revolutions as being part of a single global class struggle rather than separate localized events. It is based on the theory that capitalism is a world-system and therefore the working classes of all nations must act in concert if they are to replace it with communism. Proponents of proletarian internationalism often argued that the objectives of a given revolution should be global rather than local in scope—for example, triggering or perpetuating revolutions elsewhere.

A

Socialist internationalism

58
Q
  • The most prominent International organization in the contemporary world.
A

UN United Nations

59
Q
  • Societies around the world are composed of groups or regional organizations in order (1) to cope with the challenges and demands brought by globalization. Regions are organized, created and defined by policy makers, political leaders and economic actors.
A

A world of regions

60
Q

– created during the cold war when some Western European countries and the United States agreed to defend and secure Europe against Soviet Union.

  • Countries also form regional organizations (2) for economic interdependence and to expand their influence and power against trading partners.
A

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

61
Q

Established by Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Venezuela to control the production and sale of oil in the world market.

A

Organization of the Exporting Countries (OPEC)

62
Q

“If a free society cannot help the many who are poor, it cannot save the few who are rich.” – John F. Kennedy

The world is divided into those nations/countries that are industrialized, have political and economic stability, and have high levels of human health, and those nations that do not.

A

THE GLOBAL NORTH and THE GLOBAL SOUTH

63
Q
  • Refers to developed societies of Europe and North America, which are characterised by established democracy, wealth, technological advancement, political stability, aging population, zero population growth and dominance of world trade and politics.
A

Global North

64
Q
  • Global North include the G8 countries
A

the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, all member states of the European Union, Israel, Japan, Singapore, South Korea, as well as Australia and New Zealand and four of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council.

65
Q
  • The Group of Eight (G8) refers to the group of eight highly industrialized nations—that hold an annual meeting to foster consensus on global issues like economic growth and crisis management, global security, energy, and terrorism.
A

France, Germany, Italy, the United Kingdom, Japan, the United States, Canada, and Russia

66
Q
  • Holds all of the countries south of the equator in the southern hemisphere
  • It is called the “Developing World.”
  • Includes some countries of Africa and Latin America and some developing countries in Asia.
  • It is also called “Third World” (A phase used to describe the developing countries.
A

The global south

67
Q

Characteristics of international Society

A

1) To strengthen the moves to seek regional conflict resolution through world forums such as United Nations (UN).
2) To establish and strengthen regional cooperation.
Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

68
Q

OPEC

A

Organization of the Exporting Countries (OPEC) – Established by Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Venezuela to control the production and sale of oil in the world market.

69
Q

NATO

A

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) – created during the cold war when some Western European countries and the United States agreed to defend and secure Europe against Soviet Union.

Contemporary world (1 decks)

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