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human geography (H) > globalisation key info > Flashcards

globalisation key info Flashcards

1
Q

what is globalisation

A

The increasing interconnectedness of the world
The integration of economies industries markets cultures from around the world

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2
Q

what are some examples of globalisation

A

Global trade increased massively over last 50 years

Communications times and cost reduced dramatically

Huge increase in global immigration

Containerisation

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3
Q

What is the historical overview of globalisation

A

• stage one- after World War II trade rules relaxed making it easier for countries to trade with no restrictions

• stage two- nineteen fifties to sixties increase in personal wealth increase in desire for personal goods and growth of consumerism starts in US and spreads to Europe

• stage three- new economies in Southeast Asia called tiger economies manufacture products to meet the demand in Europe

• stage four- 1970s 80s western TNC start moving production to Asia

• stage five- late 1980s- collapse of communism opens markets with Russia and Eastern Europe

• stage six-1990s rapid growth in global communications and cheaper air travel rapid growth of China and India

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4
Q

What are the factors that accelerate globalisation

A

TNCs
Low transport cost
Communication revolution
International organisations
New markets

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5
Q

what are tariffs

A

Taxes applied to goods when traded internationally

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6
Q

what is protectionism

A

Controlling trade between countries by means of tariffs

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7
Q

what is FDI

A

Investment within a country originating from outside

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8
Q

What are special economic zones

A

Zones in areas designed to attract FDI

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9
Q

What is privatisation

A

The transfer of ownership from state sector to private sector

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10
Q

What are trade blocks and what are the positives and negatives

A

into governmental agreement where barriers to trade are reduced or removed

Creates bigger markets
Attracts FDI
Protection from foreign competitors
But can cause interdependence

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11
Q

what is outsourcing

A

Where Business makes a contract with other company to complete some work often abroad

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12
Q

What is offshoring

A

Company moves part of operations to another country

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13
Q

What are TNCs

A

companies that produce goods and services in more than one country

Mostly research and development in AC , manufacturer in EDC, and raw materials from LIDCs

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14
Q

what is glocalisation

A

Adapting goods or services to local markets and cultures e.g. right hand drive cars for UK

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15
Q

Why may countries be switched off and what does it mean

A

areas do not have access to global economy

Due to long distance from market
Poor quality natural resources
Political instability
Poor transport and communications
Over dependence on an industry

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16
Q

What are the global positives of globalisation with facts and figures

A

Life expectancy increased from 32 to 69 in 100 years

illiteracy has reduced from 70% to 20% since 1950

One billion lifted out of poverty

Decline in malnutrition rates

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17
Q

What are the global negatives of globalisation with facts and figures

A

unsustainable
Increasing pollution
Increasing global warming
Economic growth not the only measure
Rates of mental illnesses increasing

Richest 1% owns as much as poorest 50%

Richer 600 people have more personal wealth than entire continent of Africa

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18
Q

what is deindustrialisation

A

The mass closure of industries in regions traditionally associated with high levels of secondary employment

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19
Q

What is a mega city and what are the issues

A

omega city is a city with a population of over 10 million ( there were 28 in 2017)

Overcrowding
Poor housing
Traffic congestion
Air pollution

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20
Q

What are common push factors in an area

A

less job
Unhappy life
Lack of services
War and conflict
Natural disasters
Food shortages

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21
Q

what are key pull factors for an area

A

access to services
Better job opportunities
Improved living conditions
Family links

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22
Q

What are the cost snd benefits of migration for the source country

A

costs-
loss of young labour
Circle of decline
Culture of out migration
Loss of skilled labour
Unbalanced population pyramid
Returning on retirement which puts a burden on services

benefits:
Remittances
Returning migrants bring skills back
Less pressure on resources
Lower birth rates and population pressure

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23
Q

What are the costs and benefits of migration on the destination country

A

costs:
displaced local labour
Money sent to country of origin
Pressure on resources
Racism
Loss of culture identity

benefits :
Skills gained
fill undesirable post
Creation of multicultural societies
Increase in cultural awareness
Growth in ethnic retail

24
Q

What is cultural diffusion

A

The spread of cultures

25
what is Americanisation
The spread of US based culture
26
what is monoculture
The idea that a single global culture influenced by the west is developing
27
What are some examples of where cultural globalisation can be seen
in cinema fashion music - UK and US responsible for half of global sales language - 600 mil primary speakers of English Food & Drink- McDonald's in 121 nations and on the Internet
28
what are the benefits of cultural globalisation
local trends spread due to Internet Cultural knowledge spreads English language spreads and there is a global understanding Introduces other cultures into AC s Instant news Pop culture industries
29
What are the negatives of cultural globalisation
dilution of traditional cultures Impossible to escape certain influences Some cultures see westernised as a threat
30
what is GDP per capita and what are the negatives and positives
total value of goods and services produced in a year divided by population Quantitive Reliable indicator of general wealth Link to this and quality of life Not taken into account social factors Countries with big industries and small populations score well Does not take into account inequality
31
What is the gender equality index and what are the positives and negatives
it measures features such as maternity mortality and female participation in higher education Klix to economic and social advancement Link to moral case of equality Some countries score bad for religious and cultural reasons
32
What is HDI and what are the positives and negatives of it
measures life expectancy average years of schooling and purchasing power Variety of economic and social factors Allows direct comparisons between countries Links to overall quality of life Not recognise variations within countries Reflects long-term changes like life expectancy No data for some countries
33
What is happy planet index and what are the negatives and positives
Measures life expectancy life satisfaction and ecological footprint Measures environmental impact which is one of the few Emphasis on personal happiness Easy to compare results Very subjective variables No data available for 40 countries Industrial nations disadvantaged with ecological footprint
34
what is the gini coefficient and what are the positives are negatives
it's a number between zero and one measuring economic inequality , zero being completely equal society Regions become more equal Easy to compare Some areas poor becoming more well off despite inequality rising
35
what is multicultural
The existence of multiple cultural conditions in a specific location
36
What is diasporas
The movement of population away from homeland
37
What is the timeline of migration into the UK
after World War II 500,000 from Caribbean moved to UK and most settled in London 1960s textile industries booming 1970s gov tightened Visa controls and immigration declined Next 20 years - net migration was met as people left due to de industrialisation Late 1990s - economic boom and immigration increased 2004 EU free movement 2010 target to reduce net migration Now 13% of UK residence born outside UK
38
what are the positives and negatives of economic migration
overcome labour shortage Businesses expand Prepared to do unwanted jobs Cultural links Highly skilled These people are 1st to be unemployed Perception that they take jobs Pressure on housing Racial tension
39
what are common extremists/right wing groups views
Hostility towards immigration Lack of tolerance for cultural diversity Protect national culture and tradition Immigrants are an economic threat Anti globalisation
40
what are the concerns over consumer society
Global meat production has risen 400% in 50 years 290 million tons of plastic produced a year 900 million vehicles
41
what is fair trade and what are the positives and negatives
Growth market design to ensure higher proportion of the cost of the product goes to those who produce it Encourages governments to change Better sign of Development Challenges of TNCs Good for farmers Still a minority Not active in some regions Farmers have to belong to a farmers organisation Pricey food and products
42
what are some characteristics of an AC
- many jobs in tertiary and quaternary sector - more suburbanisation - incr and improvements in tech - high life expectancy - low pop growth
43
what are some characteristics of EDCs
- large TNC investment - more urbanisation - fast population growth - improving life expectancy
44
what are some characteristics of LIDCs
- reliance on single resource - overpopulation - squatter settlements - more illnesses and disease - low life expectancy - primary jobs
45
what are some factors that globalisation could be measures using
- trade (amount of different countries traded with or distance of trade) - culture- how multicultural an area is - economics- amount of money made through trade, FDI, GDP - diversity - level of diversity
46
what is a commodity
a product that can be traded bought or sold eg oil or coal
47
what is the evidence to suggest globalisation has had a positive effect
- global life expectancy increased 32- 69 in last 100 years - illiteracy reduced by 70% to 20% since 1950 - 1 bill lifted out of poverty - reductions in malnutrition
48
who are the winners of globalisation
- ACs - TNCS - world bank - ima - members of trade blocs - economies with low labour costs - educated skilled workers
49
who are the losers of globalisation
- LIDCs - low lying countries - low income workers - countries reliant on one resource - switched off - environment
50
what is an elite international migrant
- affluent high skilled individuals
51
what is an asylum seeker
someone who makes a formal application for the right to remain in another country
52
what is a global hub
- switched on places that make other places want to connect with them
53
what are the 5 steps of Rosters model
-traditional society- most work in agri - preconditions for take off- shift to manufacturing and trade brings money - take off- growth and investment is rapid - drive to maturity- tech is used, period of growth - age of mass consumption- consumerisation
54
what `are the advantages of Rosters model
-evidence to prove it is accurate - things included in each stage are true - widely used
55
what are the disadvantages of Rostows model
- doesn't take into account areas in a country - suggests countries are always in charge of development
56
what is localism
a preference for ones own area or region- often linked with sustainability

human geography (H) (6 decks)

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