GLOBALISATION, GREEN CRIME, HUMAN RIGHTS & STATE CRIME Flashcards
What is globalisation?
Globalisation refers to the increasing interconnectedness of societies, where events in one locality are shaped by distant events and vice versa.
What is the global criminal economy?
The global criminal economy is worth over £1 trillion per annum and includes arms trafficking, trafficking in nuclear materials, smuggling of illegal immigrants, and international terrorism.
What contributes to transnational organised crime?
Transnational organised crime is driven by demand for products and services in the rich West and a supply side linked to globalisation, particularly from impoverished regions.
What is global risk consciousness?
Global risk consciousness is a mentality where risks are seen as global, often exacerbated by media portrayals of crime and immigration, leading to heightened social control measures.
How has globalisation affected crime patterns?
Globalisation has led to greater inequality and rising crime, creating job insecurity and encouraging individuals, especially the poor, to turn to crime.
What is Hobbs and Dunningham’s view on criminal organisation?
Hobbs and Dunningham found that crime is increasingly organised through loose-knit networks rather than large-scale hierarchical organisations.
What does ‘glocal’ organisation refer to?
‘Glocal’ organisation refers to crime that is locally based but has global connections, adapting to local conditions while influenced by global actors.
What is McMafia?
McMafia refers to organisations that emerged in Russia and Eastern Europe after the fall of communism, characterized by economic self-interest and connections to global markets.
What is green crime?
Green or environmental crime is defined as crime against the environment, with threats increasingly global in nature.
What does Ulrich Beck mean by ‘manufactured risks’?
Manufactured risks are dangers created by human activity, such as global warming, which pose new threats to human well-being and the ecosystem.
What are primary green crimes?
Primary green crimes are those that result directly from the destruction of the earth’s resources, including air pollution, deforestation, species decline, and water pollution.
What are secondary green crimes?
Secondary green crimes arise from the violation of regulations aimed at preventing environmental harm, such as state violence against oppositional groups and hazardous waste disposal.
What is environmental discrimination?
Environmental discrimination refers to poorer groups being disproportionately affected by pollution, such as black communities in the USA living near garbage dumps.
What is state crime?
State crime is defined as illegal or deviant activities perpetrated by, or with the complicity of, state agencies.
What is the broader concept of harms in relation to environmental damage?
The need to address the harms and risks of environmental damage affects both humans and non-human animals.
How do critics view the definition of state crime?
Critics argue that defining state crime involves making moral or political statements about which actions ought to be regarded as wrong, which is a matter of values and cannot be established objectively.
How do Green and Ward define state crime?
State crime is defined as ‘illegal or deviant activities perpetrated by, or with the complicity of state agencies.’
What is an example of the scale of state crime?
Green and Ward cite a figure of 262 million people murdered by governments during the 20th century.
What is the role of the state in defining crime?
The state defines what is criminal, upholds the law, and prosecutes offenders, but it can also conceal its crimes and evade punishment.
What are the four categories of state crime identified by McLaughlin?
- Political crimes (e.g., corruption)
- Crimes by security and police forces (e.g., torture)
- Economic crimes (e.g., violation of health and safety laws)
- Social and cultural crimes (e.g., institutional racism)
What is state-corporate crime?
State crimes are often committed in conjunction with corporate crimes, distinguished as ‘state-initiated’ and ‘state-facilitated’ corporate crime.
What is an example of state-initiated corporate crime?
The Challenger space shuttle disaster in 1986, where decisions by NASA and Morton Thiokol led to the explosion that killed seven astronauts.
What is an example of state-facilitated corporate crime?
The Deepwater Horizon oil rig disaster in 2012, where government regulators failed to oversee the industry adequately, leading to the largest accidental oil spill in history.
What are the two kinds of war crimes?
- Illegal wars (e.g., US-led wars in Afghanistan and Iraq)
- Crimes committed during war or its aftermath (e.g., torture of prisoners)
What is Chamblis’s definition of state crime?
State crime is defined as ‘acts defined by law as criminal and committed by state officials in pursuit of their jobs as representatives of the state.’
What is the concept of zemiology?
Zemiology is the study of harms, whether or not they are against the law, and includes state-facilitated poverty.
What does labelling theory suggest about state crime?
Labelling theory argues that whether an act constitutes a crime depends on whether the social audience defines it as a crime.
What is the authoritarian personality according to Adorno et al?
An ‘authoritarian personality’ includes a willingness to obey the orders of superiors without question.
What does Zygmunt Bauman argue about the Holocaust?
Bauman argues that modern features of society, such as division of labour and bureaucratisation, made the Holocaust possible.
What is Cohen’s three-stage spiral of state denial?
- ‘It didn’t happen’
- ‘If it did happen, it is something else’
- ‘Even if it is what you say it is, it’s justified.’
What are the techniques of neutralisation identified by Cohen?
- Denial of victim
- Denial of injury
- Denial of responsibility
- Condemning the condemners
- Appeal to higher loyalty
