globalisation, green crime, human rights and state crime

Question 1

What is globalisation?

Answer 1

Increasing interconnectedness of societies, what happens in one locality is shaped by distant events, vv
aka economics, politics, and culture.

Question 2

Give 3 possible causes of globalisation

Answer 2

Influence of global mass media
Cheap air travel
Influence of global mass media

Question 3

As a result of globalisation, how much is the global criminal economy worth according to Castell?
What are 4 categories of global crime?

Answer 3

£1 trillion per year
Movement of people
Movement of goods
Trans-national corporations
The internet

Question 4

What crimes come from the movement of people?

Answer 4

Sex trafficing- Westerners travel to poorer countries for sex, sometimes involving minors
Smuggling of illegal migrants

Question 4

What crimes come from the movement of goods?
(Manufacturing in emerging countries, for Western countries who want year-long produce)

Answer 4

Smuggling of legal goods- e.g. alcohol and tobacco to sell in foreign markets
Green crimes- damage the environment e.g. illegal dumping of toxic waste in poorer countries

Question 5

What crimes come from the internet?

Answer 5

Cyber crimes- e.g. identity theft, child p0rnography
Dark web provides trafficking in body parts for organ transplants in rich countries, est. 2000 organs annually are taken from executed/condemned criminals in China

Question 6

What’s an explanation for global crime?

Answer 6

In poor, drug-producing countries, drug cultivation is an attractive option
E.g. in Colombia est. 20% of the population depends on cocaine production for their livelihood, with cocaine outselling all other exports in Colombia combined

Question 7

Globalisation creates new insecurities and produces what? What is this?

Answer 7

New mentality of ‘risk consciousness’ in which risk is seen as global rather than tied to particular places
E.g. the increased movement of immigrants and asylum seekers has created an increase in anxieties in Western counties about needing to protect border

Question 8

Where does much of our knowledge about risks come from?
What does this create?

Answer 8

The media, an exaggerated view of the dangers we face
Moral panic, fuelled by politians
Negative coverage of immigrants>hate crimes against minorities

Question 9

What are 2 results for ‘global risk consciousness’

Answer 9

Intensification of social control- UK has toughened border control regulations e.g. fining airlines if they bring in undocumented passengers
Increased attempts at international cooperation and control in various wars on terror- fuelled by 9/11