globalisation, green crime, human rights and state crime

Question 1

What is globalisation?

Answer 1

Increasing interconnectedness of societies, what happens in one locality is shaped by distant events, vv
aka economics, politics, and culture.

Question 2

Give 3 possible causes of globalisation

Answer 2

Influence of global mass media
Cheap air travel
Influence of global mass media

Question 3

As a result of globalisation, how much is the global criminal economy worth according to Castell?
What are 4 categories of global crime?

Answer 3

£1 trillion per year
Movement of people
Movement of goods
Trans-national corporations
The internet

Question 4

What crimes come from the movement of people?

Answer 4

Sex trafficing- Westerners travel to poorer countries for sex, sometimes involving minors
Smuggling of illegal migrants

Question 5

What crimes come from the movement of goods?
(Manufacturing in emerging countries, for Western countries who want year-long produce)

Answer 5

Smuggling of legal goods- e.g. alcohol and tobacco to sell in foreign markets
Green crimes- damage the environment e.g. illegal dumping of toxic waste in poorer countries

Question 6

What crimes come from the internet?

Answer 6

Cyber crimes- e.g. identity theft, child p0rnography
Dark web provides trafficking in body parts for organ transplants in rich countries, est. 2000 organs annually are taken from executed/condemned criminals in China

Question 7

What’s an explanation for global crime?

Answer 7

In poor, drug-producing countries, drug cultivation is an attractive option
E.g. in Colombia est. 20% of the population depends on cocaine production for their livelihood, with cocaine outselling all other exports in Colombia combined

Question 8

Globalisation creates new insecurities and produces what? What is this?

Answer 8

New mentality of ‘risk consciousness’ in which risk is seen as global rather than tied to particular places
E.g. the increased movement of immigrants and asylum seekers has created an increase in anxieties in Western counties about needing to protect border

Question 9

Where does much of our knowledge about risks come from?
What does this create?

Answer 9

The media, an exaggerated view of the dangers we face
Moral panic, fuelled by politians
Negative coverage of immigrants>hate crimes against minorities

Question 10

What are 2 results for ‘global risk consciousness’

Answer 10

Intensification of social control- UK has toughened border control regulations e.g. fining airlines if they bring in undocumented passengers
Increased attempts at international cooperation and control in various wars on terror- fuelled by 9/11

Question 18

winlow
glocal
crimes of globalisation

Question 20

What is green crime?

Answer 20

Crime against the environment

Question 21

Give an example how how most threats to humans and the eco-system are man-made, rather than natural
*how globalisation links to green crime

Answer 21

Atmospheric pollution from industries can turn into acid rain, poisoning water sources and damaging rain forests

Question 22

What does Beck argue about manufactured risks?

Answer 22

Increase in productivity and technology has created manufactured risks- dangers that we have never faced before
E.g. global heating
These risks are global>’global risk society’

Question 23

Explain how Mozambique is an example of how human-made risk can lead to crime

Answer 23

Heatwave in Russia caused wildfires destroying grain belt>increase prices in grain and ban exporting to many countries
Mozambique was heavily dependent on Russian food imports>rioting and looting>deaths

Question 24

What is the difference between traditional criminology and green criminology?

Answer 24

Traditional-

Question 35

What are the 4 types of primary (crime that comes directly from destruction) green crimes?
What are the 3 types of secondary (crimes preventing regulating destruction) green crime?

Answer 35

Primary: Crimes of air pollution, deforestation, animal abuse, water pollution
Secondary: State violence against oppositional groups, hazardous waste and organised crime. environmental discrimination

Question 36

Explain crimes or air pollution

Answer 36

Burning fossil fuels from industry and transport adds 6 billion tons of carbon to the atmosphere ever year
2x as many people now die from air pollution-induced breathing problems as 20 years ago

Question 37

Explain crimes of deforestation

Answer 37

Amazon rainforest has been cleared for beef cattle export
Pesticide spraying to kill coca and marijuana plants, destroying food crops

Question 38

Explain crimes of animal abuse

Answer 38

Trafficking in animals and animal parts
70%+ of earths species live is rainforests, these are under threat

Question 39

Explain crimes of water pollution

Answer 39

Half a billion people lack access to clean drinking water>deaths from contaminated water
Contamination comes from dumping toxic waste into rivers and seas

Question 40

Explain state violence against oppositional groups

Answer 40

French secret service blew up a ship in Auckland NZ, killing 1 person
This boat was there to prevent green crime of French’s nuclear weapons in the Pacific

Question 41

Explain hazardous waste and organised crime

Answer 41

Disposal of toxic waste from chemical waste from chemical industries is profitable
Safe and legal disposal is expensive>illegally
Western businesses ship their waste to poorer countries where costs are lower, or just dump them, washing up in shores e.g. Somalia

Question 42

Explain environmental discrimination

Answer 42

Poorer groups are worse affected by pollution e.g. black communities in USA often find their housing situated next to garbage dumps

Question 43

What is a strength of green criminology?

Answer 43

Recognises the growing importance of environmental issues and the need to address the harms and risks of environmental damage

Question 44

What is a weakness of green criminology?

Answer 44

By focussing on the much broader concept of harms, rather than simply on legally defined crime>hard to define the boundaries of its field of study clearly

Question 45

What are state crimes?
What is it an example of?

Answer 45

Illegal activities by state agencies
Crimes of the powerful

Question 46

In what 2 ways do we measure the seriousness of state crimes?

Answer 46

The scale of the state crime
The state is the source of law

Question 47

Explain the scale of state crime

Answer 47

2012 found that 262 million people have been murdered by governments in the 20th century

Question 48

Explain how the state is the source of law

Answer 48

It’s the state’s role to define what is criminal, to uphold the law, and prosecute offenders>can cover up crimes>carry out more crimes

Question 49

What are the 4 case studies of state crime?

Answer 49

Political crimes
Crimes by security and police forces
Economic crimes
Social and cultural crimes