GLOBALISATION, GREEN CRIME, HUMAN RIGHTS, AND STATE CRIME Flashcards
what is globalisation
the widening, deepening, and speeding up of worldwide interconnectedness in all aspects of contemporary social life.
what does the global criminal economy include according to Manuel Castells?
- arms trafficking
- nuclear material trafficking
- smuggling of illegal immigrants
- sex tourism
- trafficking in body parts
- cyber crimes
- green crimes
- international tourism
- smuggling legal goods
- trafficking in cultural artefacts
- trafficking in endangered species
- drugs trade
- money laundering
what is global risk consciousness?
increased movement of people such as immigrants or asylum seekers has given rise to anxieties among people in western countries. this is partly caused by the media’s exaggeration and negative portrayal of immigrants. this has resulted in intensification of social control at national level such as toughened border control.
how does capitalism lead to crime in a globalised world?
- Ian Taylor argues that globalisation has created crime at both ends of social spectrum.
- it has allowed transnational corporations to switch manufacturing to low wage countries which produces job insecurity and unemployment.
- marketisation has led people to see themselves as individual consumers
what is meant by ‘glocal’ organisations?
crime is still based locally but has global connections
what is the McMafia
refers to the organisations that emerged in russia and eastern europe following the fall of communism. following the fall of communism, russian government deregulated most sectors of the economy. many people were sacked from their jobs and turned to the mafia
what are the types of green crime?
primary and secondary
primary results directly from the destruction and degradation of earth’s resources. in inflicts harm on environment and people.
secondary results of disobeying rules that seek to regulate environmental damage.
what are primary green crimes?
- air pollution: burning fossil fuels from industry and transport adds 6 billion tons of carbon emissions growing at around 2 percent per annum.
- deforestation: between 1960-90 one fifth of world’s tropical rainforest was destroyed
- species decline and animal abuse: 50 species a day are becoming extinct
- water pollution; half a billion people lack access to clean water and 25 million die annually from drinking contaminated water.
what are examples of primary green crimes?
- chernobyl gas disaster
- bhopal gas tragedy
- flint’s water crisis
- deepwater horizon crisis
what are secondary green crimes?
- state violence against oppositional groups; state intervenes with environmental groups that may want to stop their green criminal activities
- hazardous waste and organised crime; such as when mafia organised crime outfits help corporations get rid of their hazardous waste illegally
what does Wolf suggest about this?
the poor and the ethnic minorities are in most risk of facing consequences of green crime. because they are unable to move away from such areas.
what are examples of secondary green crime?
- rainbow warrior
what is state crime?
according to green and ward suggest ‘illegal or deviant activities perpetrated by or with the complicity of state agencies’
what are the four categories of state crime according to Eugene McLaughlin?
- political crime ; corruption or censorship
- crimes by security and police forces; genocide, torture, disappearance of people
- economic crimes; violation of health and safety laws
- social and cultural crimes; institutional racism
what is an example of crime by police and security forces?
genocide in china - china has detained more than 1 million uyghurs against their will in so called re education camps where they are subjected to surveillance. forced labor, forced sterilisation, religious restriction, and torture.
