Globalisation, green crime and state crime

Question 1

Globalisation and crime - Castells

Answer 1

As a result of globalisation, there is a global criminal economy worth over £1 trillion per annum
Crimes include: Arms trafficking, sex trafficking, cyber crimes, green crimes, etc

Question 2

Globalisation and crime - Taylor

Answer 2

Globalisation has created crimes at both ends of the spectrum; it has allowed transnational corporations to switch manufacturing to low-wage countries, producing job insecurity, unemployment and poverty. Globalisation has also created inequality, leading to the increase in crime due to resentment and material deprivation

Dyson outsourcing to Malaysia to exploit workers

Question 3

Globalisation and crime - Glenny

Answer 3

McMafia - the organisations that emerged in Russia following the fall of communism. Glenny traces the origins of transnational organised crime to the breakup of the soviet union, which coincided with the deregulation of global markets

Question 4

Harm - White

Answer 4

Distinguishes between types of harm:
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Anthropocentric = a human-centred approach. It’s the idea that humans have the right to use the world’s resources and dominate nature.
Ecocentric = humans and nature are interdependent. This is the view of green criminologists who see both humans and the environment as liable to exploitation

Question 5

Two types of criminology - White

Answer 5

Distinguishes between types of criminology:
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Traditional criminology - its subject matter is defined by criminal law and is therefore not concerned with green criminology
Green criminology - the proper subject of criminology is any action that harms the physical environment, and humans or non-human animals within it

Question 6

Green crime - south

Answer 6

Primary and secondary green crimes
P: crimes that result directly from the destruction and degradation of the earth’s resources e.g. deforestation, air pollution, animal abuse
S: crime that grows out of flouting or rules aimed at preventing or regulating environmental disasters e.g. State violence against oppositional groups, Hazardous waste and organised crime, Environmental discrimination

Question 7

State crime - Mclaughlin

Answer 7

Distinguishes between the types of state crime:

Political crimes (Eg. Corruption and censorship)
Crimes by security and police forces (Eg. Genocide, torture and disappearances of dissidences)
Economic crimes (Eg. Violation of health and safety laws)
Social and cultural crime (Eg. Institutional racism)