Globalisation, Green Crime and State Crime

Question 1

Castells - globalisation and crime

Answer 1

as a result of globalisation, there is a global criminal economy worth over £1 trillion per annum:
- trafficking of arms, women, children, body parts, cultural artefacts, nuclear materials and endangered species
- smuggling illegal immigrants
- sex tourism
- cyber-crimes
- green crimes
- international terrorism
- the drugs trade
- smuggling of illegal goods

Question 2

Taylor - globalisation and crime

Answer 2

globalisation has created crimes at both ends of the spectrum; it has allowed transnational corporations to switch manufacturing to low-wage countries, producing job insecurity, unemployment and poverty globalisation has also created inequality, leading to the increase in crime due to resentment and material deprivation

Question 3

Glenny - globalisation and crime

Answer 3

McMafia - the organisations that merged in Russia following the fall of communism. Glenn traces the origins of transnational organised crime to the breakup of the soviet union, which coincided with the deregulation of global markets

Question 4

White - types of criminology - green crime

Answer 4

• traditional criminology: the subject matter is defined by criminal law and is therefore not concerned with green criminology
• green criminology: the proper subject of criminology is any action that harms the physical environment and humans, or non humans with it

Question 5

white - types of harm - green crime

Answer 5

• anthropocentric: a human-entered approach. its the idea that humans have the right to use the world’s resources and dominates nature
• ecocentric: humans and nature are interdependent. this is the view of green criminologists who see both humans and the environment as liable to exploitation

Question 6

South - green crime

Answer 6

primary green crimes: crimes that result directly from the destruction and degradation of the earths resources - e.g: crimes of air pollution, crimes of deforestation, crimes of species decline and animal abuse, crimes of water pollution

secondary green crimes: crime that grows out of flouting rules aimed at preventing or regulating environmental disasters - e.g: state violence against oppositional groups, hazardous waste and organised crime, environmental discrimination

Question 7

McLaughlin - state crime

Answer 7

distinguishes between the types of state crime:
- political crimes (e.g: corruption and censorship
- crimes by security and police forces (e.g: genocide, torture and disappearances of dissisences)
- economic crimes (e.g: violation of health and safety laws)
- social and cultural crime (e.g: institutional racism)