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Geography Paper 2 > Globalisation EQ1 > Flashcards

Globalisation EQ1 Flashcards

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1
Q

How many countries does McDonalds have shops in?

A

Shops in 120 countries

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2
Q

History of Globalisation

A

1400s Columbus raw material from America

Colonialism 19th century Britain owned 1/4 of the world

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3
Q

Railways and globalisation

A

1904s Trans-siberian railway connects Moscow with Japan/ China

HS2 to half journey times between London and the North travelling up to 360kmph

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4
Q

Telephones and globalisation

A

1973 The mobile phone, portable connection

2007 the IPhone, connected to the internet.

70% of Africa own a mobile phone, technology leap frog, aid rural farmers in business and taxes.

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5
Q

Containerisation

A

Modern containers carry up to 20,000 containers and make up to 200 million individual movements a year,

considered the backbone of global trade and bulk economies

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6
Q

Jet aircraft and globalisation

A

1960s international Boeing 747

EasyJet fly British tourist to Estonia for £40 each.

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7
Q

Internet and globalisation

A

2000 The internet reaches 361 million users

1995 Amazon.com launched Online banking

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8
Q

Social networking and globalisation

A

5 million facebook likes daily

2003 Skype launched

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9
Q

GPS and globalisation

A

first satellite launched in 1970s

Google maps and tracker launched in 2005

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10
Q

Impact of ICT and communication on globalisation

A

Cultural traits and information is rapidly adopted, mitigated and hydrolysed.

Growth of flexible online business communication.

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11
Q

Impact of Trade and Technology on globalisation

A

Interdependent economies through global production networks Time-space compression/ shrinking world effect

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12
Q

Bretton Woods Institutions

A

Established after WW2 to re-stabilise the world economy

Agreed to allow free trade over protectionism to avoid a repeat of the 1930s Great Depression

Established successful international trade

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13
Q

International Monetary Fund

A

Channel loans from rich nations to those applying for help.

Recipients must agree to be open to free market economies, encouraging free trade and outside investment such as TNCs

Impose strict rules on borrowing countries, controlling what the loan can be spent on.

Benefits western economies

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14
Q

IMF case study

A

2008 Greece, blamed for financial crisis and restrictions on social services such as pensions

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15
Q

World Banks

A

Lends money on a global scale with the aim to help economic development and reduce poverty. Aim to help countries enter the global market.

Give grants, humanitarian and natural disaster aid

Impose strict conditions, all previous presidents have been American.

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16
Q

World Bank example

A

2014 US$470 million Philippines poverty reduction program, economic growth, opened borders to TNCs

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17
Q

World Trade Orgainsation

A

Deals with the flows of commodities and services.

Encourages trade liberalisation, all countries must be treated with the same low tariff and low subsidies on goods.

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18
Q

World Trade Organisation positive example

A

2015 removed all import duties and quotas between EU and Vietnam,

Western consumers benefited from low prices, jobs in European exports protected, access to market of 90 million.

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19
Q

World Trade Organisation negative example

A

1995 Pakistan must open fishing borders to foreign competition, TNCs leave rural villages in poverty and fishing stock declines. Action Aid ‘Taking the fish’ Reduced social development

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20
Q

Positives of free trade blocks

A

State boundaries crossed freely by goods and capital

Market growth - 2004 new nations joined the EU, +75 million customers for Tesco

Firms with a competitive advantage grow -French wine

Encourage economies of scale

Protect from foreign competition 2006 EU- China Bra wars

TNC access grows

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21
Q

Negative of free trade blocks

A

loss of sovereignity

Prices can be distorted or fixed at market value so producers lose out

Political instability

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22
Q

The European Union

A

28 member states

Single market with a shared currency reducing trade barriers

Allows the free movement of people, commodities and capital

Removed tariffs between members, restrictions on non-members

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23
Q

ASEAN

A

Association of South East Asian Nations

Free Trade area of 10 states and population of 625 million

Gradually reducing tariffs sector by sector.

Contribute more to political globalisation through co-operation and negatiation, e.g 1995 agreed to remain nuclear weapon free.

24
Q

Government policy

Free market liberalisation

A

‘neo-liberalism’

Believe government intervention slows economic development.

Promotes free markets, removes government interventions and barriers to foreign competition.

Removal of monopolies creates competion, lowers prices for consumers and market growth

However, resulted in increased wealth inequality.

25
Q

Free market liberalisation example

A

Promoted by Margaret Thatchers government

1986 Deregulation of the City of London

Global financial firms relloacted to London, essential to the regeneration of Canary Walf, nom dom billionaies and businesses. leading hub for global financial services.

26
Q

Government policy

Privitisation

A

Allow foreign firms to gain influence in once state owned services, e.g gas electric

Foreign ownership create competition and increase FDI.

Hoped to reduced government and consumer cost.

Reality = worse services and lack of accountability, can’t be reversed

27
Q

Privitisation example

A

French company Keolis has large stake in British railways network and EDF energy company.

28
Q

Government policy

Encouraging business start ups

A

Methods include low business taxes, susidies, to changes in the law allowing local and foreign owned businesses to make more profit.

Often a method used in science parks with free wifi, reduce building cost, located near skilled graduates.

29
Q

Encouraging business start ups example

A

1994 Sunday trading, Burger King and Disney Store opened in England

Italy eased restrictions on Chinese textile companies, City of Prato now has the largest Chinese population in Europe.

30
Q

How have new global regions opened up to globalisation?

A

Special Economic Zones

Attitudes to FDI

31
Q

What is a Special Economic Zone?

A

An industrial area, often near the coast, with favourable conditions (e.g low tax/ exampt from tariffs) to attract foreign TNCs.

Become areas of rapid urbanisation and industry growth

32
Q

China 1978 Open Door Policy

A

Communist government became more open to international trade and foreign investment.

TNCs can invest in China’s domestic market e.g rail

China exports rare earth mineral world wide after abandoning resources nationalism.

33
Q

China FDI

A

FDI Exports expected to reach US$1.25 trillion by 2025

34
Q

China Pearl River Delta

A

Mega industrial area caused by rapid urbanisation.

Large, low-wage work force attracted TNCs to the ‘workshop of the world’

Now industrial powerhouse for elctronics, toys and garments.

35
Q

China Special Economic Zones

A

1990s, 50% of China’s GDP was generated in SEZs.

36
Q

Arabia government policy

Encouraging business start-up

A

Abandoned thursday and Friday as official weekend in favour of Friday and Saturday.

37
Q

What is the KOF Index?

A

Method of measuring globalisation

Measures the extent to which countries are connected to others considering 24 weighted variables to give a score out of 100

economic: trade, FDI tarrif rates
social: number of Mcdonalds, telephone use
political: membership in international organisations

38
Q

KOF index positives

A

wide range of variables

weighted by significance

compares countries with each others and historically

39
Q

KOF index negatives

A

not all data available

due to weighting small countries with large amount of FDI are over represented 2015 Ireland ranked 1st

Does not consider internal interaction or informal economies

40
Q

AT Kearneys World Cities Index

A

Identifies how globalised cities are giving a rank based on weighted variables.

Index indentifies global cities now.

Outlook identifies emerging cities

Considers business activity, human capital, cultural + information exchange and political involvement

41
Q

Positives of AT Kearneys Word Cities

A

weighted so balances types of globalisation,

considers wide range of data

allows prediction over time

42
Q

Negatives of AT Kearneys index

A

city data not always available

who determins weighting

cultural exchange is difficult to measure.

43
Q

TNCs overview

A

Contribute to spread of globalisation through GPN, glocalisation and development of new markets.

Take advantage of economic liberisation

Do not locate in areas not suitable for production or with low market potential.

44
Q

BMW global production network

A

BMW mini has over 2500 different suppliers ranging from EU to Brazil

45
Q

Global Production Networks

A

chain of connected supplies through offhsoring and outsourcing that contribute to the manufacturing/ supply of consumer goods for a TNC

Reduced due to difficult to monitor, natural disasters can disrupt chains, UK horsemear scandal, Bangladesh garment factory collapse Walmart.

46
Q

Glocalisation

A

Adapting global products to suit local tastes, maximise profit and maximise market potential

Caused by local variation in taste, laws, religion, culture, interest and raw materials.

47
Q

Disney glocalisation

A

2009 gained the rights to Marvel and created ‘Spiderman India’ with Aunt Maya and Uncle Bihm

48
Q

McDonalds glocalisation

A

stores in 120 countries

Opened vegetarian resteraunts serving McVeggies for Muslims, Hindus and Sikhs in India.

49
Q

Drawbacks of TNCs

A

Vulnerable to disruption along GPN

Accused of exploiting workers

Outsourcing jobs leads to job losses in domestic markets

‘Americanisation’ causes erosion of local culture in favour of western ideals.

50
Q
A
51
Q

Disney globalisation

A

Employs 130,000 people

40,000 suppliers over 50 countries.

Macthing theme parks in Europe and America.

51
Q

Why is North Korea switched off?

A

citizens have no access to internet or social media

political autocracy

mobile phones were temporarily banned for memebers of the public 2004 to 2008.

52
Q

Why is the Sahel region swithced off?

A

Arid conditions, desertification and extreme environmental conditions limit potential agricultural production and infrastructure.

landlocked so limited trade

Poverty from low cash crop wages, limited consumer market for TNCs.

80% of population live on less than $2 a day

One of the heavily indebted countries from intrest rate rise in 1980s.

52
Q

Physical reasons why the Congo is switched off?

A

2/3 the size of Europe with only a 17 mile coastline.

Limited infrastructure between major cities, lacking motorways and airports.

53
Q

Political reason why the Congo is switched off?

A

1994 to 2003 Africa’s First World War, 5 million deaths high levels of poverty and disease.

Rebel groups such as M23 still cause conflict.

TNCs are concerned about disruption to supply chains and the safety of workers.

54
Q

Bad TNCs case studies

A

Shell Niger Delta oil spill and bunkering causing fires and environmental damage

Wintek in China workers poisoned by chemicals used to treat glass on IPhone screen

55
Q

Good TNCs case study

A

Shell employs over 400,000 NIgerians directly

90% of workforce NIgerian

1/4 million people have access to shell healthcare and infrastructure

Primark, Asda and Tesco signed the ethical trade initiative setting out basic rights for workers in the supply chain.

Geography Paper 2 (7 decks)

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