Globalisation enquiry question 2 Flashcards
When did the global shift begin?
Who benefited first?
In the 1970s and 1980s the global shift began - movement of manufacturing from America and Europe to Asia.
Pacific rim countries. eg. Japan, Hong Kong and South Korea were the first to emerge into the globalised economy. Followed by India and China.
Two factors which accelerated the global shift?
Development of policies to encourage FDI - eg. Open door policy in China
TNCs began seeking new areas for manufacturing (china) and outsourcing services (India)
China is the world’s largest recipient of …. since …. ?
FDI since 2000
With a focus on manufacturing
What has the global shift in china lead to?
Rapid urbanisation into cities.
150 cities in China up from 30 in 2000
Benefits of growth in China x3
Investment in infrastructure
Reductions in poverty/ increases in urban incomes
Better education
How has China’s infrastructure improved as a result of globalisation?
Developed world’s longest highway network
Rail system reached 100 000 km in length - High speed rails linking major cities such as Bejing, Shenzen and Shanghai
82 airports built since 2000
How has China’s poverty rates changed as a result of globalisation?
Extreme Poverty (Less than $1 a day) gone from 84% in 1980 to 16% in 2016
Urban incomes risen by 10% per year since 2005 - lead to massive rural urban divide
How has education improved in China as a result of globalisation?
7.2M graduated in China in 2014. This is 15x higher than in 2000. This has lead to a skilled workforce.
Costs of growth in China due to globalisation? x4
Loss of productive farmland and biodiversity
Increase in unplanned settlements
Pollution and health problems
Over exploitation of resources
How has China lost productive farmland as a result of globalisation?
Over 3M hectares of arable farmland has been polluted with heavy metals as a result of heavy industrialisation
How has China experienced an increase in unplanned settlements as a result of globalisation?
Rapid urbanisation lead to increased housing demands.
Lead to growth of 2 types of illegal housing:
- Villagers adding extra stories to their houses and rent the space.
- Farmland privately developed with no permission
How has China experienced increased air pollution as a result of globalisation?
Caused mainly by coal power station.
1.6M a year die due to respiratory issues.
70% of rivers are polluted
360M do not have access to safe drinking water
How has China over exploited resources as a result of globalisation?
China’s own resources cannot keep up with demand.
As a result China is developing plantations and oil fields in South America
Why is global outsourcing effective in India?
Many Indian citizens already speak English - British Empire (1947 ended rule)
Fast broadband in Bangalore so many call centers
Example of poor workers rights?
Women are sexually harassed in Lotto factories (CHINA)
No time off work in Umbro factories or Mizuno factories in China
Example of deindustrialisation
Redcar closed steelworks in 2015 leaving 2000 workers unemployed.
People forced to take pay cuts to find new jobs. Less disposable income.
Lead to a spiral of decline
- Deprivation
- Crime
- Dereliction and contamination (environmental)
- Depopulation
Redcar now referred to as a ‘ghost town’
What has lead to the development of megacities?
Rural - urban migration due to push and pull factors
Natural increase
Urban pull factors?
Better employment opportunities
Better access to services (education, healthcare)
Better infrastructure - transport links, internet
Rural push factors?
Poverty due to less job opportunities:
- Mechanism of agriculture
- Destruction of arable farmland due to industry eg. China
Climate and Natural disaster
(All opposites to pull factors)
What are the issues of hyperurbanisation?
Strain on services
Rise of illegal housing - slums
Rising crime rates
Poor sanitation
Congestion leading to air pollution
Population of Mumbai?
13M
Largest city in India and 4th largest globally
Why is Mumbai important for trade internationally by ships?
Main sea port in the Arabian sea since Suez canal opened.
Jawaharl Nehru port handles 60% of India’s containerised commodities
Why is Mumbai a good location for high rise buildings?
Underlying geology of black Deccan basalt makes strong foundations
Mumbai’s role in globalisation?
Financial capital of India has lead to groups of TNC HQs locating.
Industry focused around textiles - “Manchester of the East’.
Now a shift from textiles to finance and IT.
Media production - capital of Bollywood
**Mumbai accounts for 40% of India’s foreign trade. - Large airports and ports
