Globalisation and Migration

Question 1

What factors show that migration has been accelerating?

Answer 1

• According to the UN (2013): between 2000 and 2013 international migration increased by 33%
• In the UK in the same year, 862,000 people either entered or left

Question 2

What is Vertovec’s (2007) ‘super-diversity’?

Answer 2

• Where migrants now come from a much wider range of countries
• Even within a single ethnic group, individuals differ in terms of their legal status; for example, as citizens or spouses

Question 3

How does Robert Cohen (2006) distinguish the 3 types of migrant?

Answer 3

1. Citizens
   - Have full citizenship rights
   - Since the 1970’s it has become harder to get this status
2. Denizens
   - Privileged foreign nationals welcomed by the state
3. Helots
   - Regarded as a reserve army of labour
   - Found in unskilled, poorly paid work

Question 4

What trends do Ehrenreich and Hochschild notice have resulted in women from poor countries doing jobs such as care work, domestic work and sex work?

Answer 4

1. The expansion of service occupations in western countries has led to an increasing demand for female labour
2. Western women have joined the labour force and are less willing/able to perform domestic labour
3. Western men remain unwilling to perform domestic labour
4. The failure of the state to provide adequate childcare

Question 5

What is an example of hybrid identities in migrants?

Answer 5

• The country of origin for some migrants may provide an alternative/additional source of identity
• Eade: second generation Bangladeshi Muslims see themselves as Muslim, then Bengali, then British

Question 6

What does Eriksen (2007) argue?

Answer 6

• Globalisation has created more diverse migration patterns, with back and forth movements of people through networks rather than a permanent settlement in another country
• Chinese migrants in Rome thought Mandarin was more useful than Italian because of their global connections with the rest of the world

Question 7

The politicisation of migration

Answer 7

• Assimilationism: policies that encourage immigrants to adopt the language, values and customs of the host culture.
• Criticised as not all migrants are willing to abandon their culture
• Multiculturalism: accepts that migrants may wish to retain their identity

Question 8

How does Erikson distinguish between shallow and deep diversity?

Answer 8

1. Shallow diversity
   - Eg: chicken tikka masala is Britain’s national dish, is acceptable to the state
2. Deep diversity
   - Arranged marriages or the veiling of women isn’t acceptable to the state