globalisation and migration Flashcards
what is globalisation
economic process which countries are being gradually drawn into a single global economy / market, results in countries being interconnected and interdependent
how do TNCs upscale international trading
operate in many countries, involved in economic activities
how do regional economic / trading blocs upscale international trading
countries being drawn together to promote free trade through trade agreements e.g. the EU / North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
how do modern transport networks upscale international trading
more capable to move people and commodities quickly / cheaply, physical distances are less significant, ocean transport & containerisation speeds up global movement
how do advances in information and technology upscale international trading
faster management, processing and communication of information
what are the 5 forms of flow of the global economy
trade, aid, foreign investment, labour and information
define birth rate
number of LIVE births in a population per year / 1000 population
define death rate
number of deaths in a population per year / 1000 population
define natural change
balance between birth and death rate in a population
define net migration
balance between number of people entering & leaving a country / region
define circulation
temporary absences from a permanent residence, can be daily, weekly or seasonal, including travel and medical treatment
define migration
can vary from country to country, permanent change in residency
what is voluntary migration
people choose to move inside their own country (internal) or emigrate to another country (international)
reasons for voluntary migration
employment, higher wages, higher quality of life -> classed as economic migrants
recent trends in voluntary migration
in developing and emerging countries, more rural -> urban migration (e.g. China). in HICs the opposite is more apparent (counter urbanisation), people seek higher quality of life outside cities
what is forced migration
when people have to move from where they live (they have no choice)
reasons for forced migration
most commonly war (recently civil wars) and persecution, or an effort to force out . eradicate an entire ethnic group (ethnic cleansing, e.g. genocide)
define refugee
a person, owing to fear of being persecuted, lives outside their country of nationality
define asylum seeker
refugee applied to become a citizen of the country they have sought protection
define internally displaced person (IDP)
person forced to flee their home for same reasons as refugee (or natural disasters) but do not cross internationally recognised border
define returnee
refugee / asylum seeker voluntarily returned to home of origin or IDP who has returned home
define and provide examples (4) of push factors of migration
a cause to leave a location, e.g. harsh climate, housing shortage, heavy taxes, civil war / ethnic cleansing
define and provide examples (4) of pull factors of migration
something attractive about an alternate location, e.g. high wages, freedom of speech, cheap land, good welfare services
how do social factors lead to rise in tourism
more leisure time and paid leave
how do economic factors lead to rise in tourism
more disposable income
how do communication factors lead to rise in tourism
mass media, greater awareness of foreign places
how do transport factors lead to rise in tourism
faster and cheaper (e.g. budget airlines)
how do political factors lead to rise in tourism
easy border controls for tourists
features of the package holiday (mass tourism)
lots of hotels and other facilities, most popular and usually cheapest, supported by govt. and locals as generates income for locals, includes skiing, sunbathing, visiting theme parks, taking a cruise
evidence of global economy (2)
1) production / supply chains: stages (can be in diff countries) involved in making a product where value is added at each stage
2) call centre companies now located in LICs and emerging countries (e.g. India)
role of WTO and international monetary fund (IMF)
global trade and foreign investment
role of world bank (inter-governmental organisations) and NGOs
focus on development aid
how does tourism create jobs
labour intensive, directly: e.g. transport; indirectly: e.g. agriculture and manufacturing -> multiplier effect
what are economic leakeages
profits made in a particular countries “leak” out to country of tour operator head offices, host community has to deal with nuisances and potential problems of tourism
cons of tourism
1) no guarantee that wealth from inward investment will benefit locals (profits are often sent back to HIC where TNC is based)
2) TNCS can drive local companies out of buisness and leave if other countries are cheaper to operate in
3) pollute environment, run safety risks or poor working conditions and low wages
4) threat to cultural diversity, may drown out local economies, traditions and language -> reenvisioned in capitalist HIC views
pros of tourism (3.5)
1) inward investments (e.g. building facilities, infrastructure) by TNCs provide jobs and skills for locals
2) bring wealth and foreign currency (sharing of lifestyle and experiences)
3) increases awareness of events in faraway parts of the world -> more aware of global issues and alert
what is socio cultural tourism
can revive local handicrafts and art, but mostly leads to increased tension between locals and tourists
how does tourism harm the environment
depletion of local natural resources through over consumption-> loss of ecosystems, pollution and waste, greenhouse gas emissions (mostly from transport)
what is ecotourism
visiting fragile, pristine and undisturbed natural ares intended as low impact and often small scale alternative to mass tourism, includes
1) stewardship: sustainable management of environment on a large scale
2) conservation: more localised, allowing locals to be involved
examples of ecotourism principles (3)
1) build environmental and cultural awareness and respect
2) provide direct financial benefits for conservation
3) deliver memorable experiences to help raise sensitivity to host country’s political, environmental and social climates
uk management of immigration
post brexit immigration system - treat EU and non-EU citizens equally, under points based immigration system to earn visa (worker, global talent, health & care)
what is geopolitics?
study of political & economic relationships between countries and influence of geography, power and influence of individual countries > others
what is a superpower
country with dominant global position, characterised ability to exert influence by hard (military and economic) and soft (diplomacy, cultural and history) power
how can geopolitics affect trade
trade blocs, multinational organisations (e.g. WTO and the Quad - japan, usa, canada and EU), geopolitical events for stock markets, trade wars
how geopolitics affect migration
influence the direction of migration, more powerful countries have greater control on migration than weaker ones, tensions and pressure caused by large scale migration crisises
how geopolitics can affect tourism
less significant due to globalisation, powerful countries draw tourists from soft power, hostile relationships between countries e.g. 2017 american temporary 90 day travel ban
