Globalisation and Green crime Flashcards
How did Held and McGrew (2007) define globalisation?
‘the widening, deepening and speeding up of worldwide interconnectedness’
Globalisation involves the process of deterritorialisation - what is this?
an increasing number of social , political and economic activities are no longer attached to specific countries.
What crimes has globalisation created/increased?
international illegal drug trade:
$322 billion worth a year
human trafficking:
18,000 victims in 2014
70% of victims are women and girls
money laundering:
making illegally obtained money look like it came from legal sources.
cybercrime:
internet based fraud
e.g NHS was targeted
outline and explain reasons transnational organised crime has increased.
cultural globalisation:
culture of consumerism , media saturated
disorganised capitalism:
Lash and Urry (1987)- globalisation has been accompanied by less regulation and fewer state controls over business/finance.
global risk society:
Beck (1992)- people are more risk conscious and fearful , foe example having their identity stolen
more opportunities:
new means of carrying out crime , for example the ‘dark web’
supply and demand:
global media has pushed people to emigrate for a ‘better life’
more inequality:
Taylor (1997) - winners are rich investors , losers are the workers.
What did Castells argue?
Globalisation has created transnational networks of organised crime
What were the two main forms of global criminal networks identified by Farr (2005)?
established mafias - preexisting, organised around family and ethnicity. Have adapted activities to take advantage of new opportunities brought about by globalisation.
new organised crime groups- emerged since globalisation after collapse of communist regimes such as in Russia and Eastern Europe.
Glenny (2009)
used the term ‘McMafia’ to describe the way transnational organised crime mirrors legal transnational corporation’s (like McDonalds) who seek to provide and sell the same products across the world
What is glocalism?
Hobbs and Dunninghan (1998)- glocalism: the idea that global criminal networks work within local contexts as interdependent local units. For example, international drugs trade requires local networks to connect to the global networks.
why may the explanation for crime, globalisation, be critiqued?
-secretive and complex forms of crime so difficult to study accurately
-easy to exaggerate the significance of globalisation - some parts of the world more affected than others.
What did Wolf (2011) say?
The definition that was first used to describe green crime - actions that break laws protecting the environment- is problematic as not all actions doing so are illegal and laws differ between countries.
What did South (2014) say in regards to green crime?
There are two types of green crime:
primary-direct destruction of earth’s resources- airpollution/deforestation
secondary-deliberate breaches of laws that prevent green crime - outsourcing disposal/dumping chemicals
what percentage of the Earth’s species will be extinct in 10 years?
50%
How was Bhopal , India (1984) an example of green crime?
health and safety laws were broken , meaning mass leak of toxic gas - killed approx 25,000 people with thousands more affected.
What did Beck (1992) argue globalisation had caused.
Beck argued globalisation has caused a ‘risk society’ whereby science and technology has created more opportunities for people to commit crimes and are more willing to do so, despite possible disastrous consequences for the global environment.
What did White (2008) argue?
TNCs hold an anthropocentric view of the world. (humans are the most important thing)
