Globalisation and Crime Flashcards
What are the 6 explanations explaining link between globalisation and crime?
1) increase in organised crime
2) more opportunities for corporate crime
3) widened wealth inequality
4) supply and demand of illegal produce
5) spread of materialistic values
6) heightened risk consciousness in the West
According to Hobbs and Dunningham, how has globalised causes organised crime to increase? (link between globalisation and crime)
Globalisation has allowed organised criminals to expand their ‘empires’ with many established criminal organisations. They can take advantage of global markets. For example, organisations such as the Italian-American Mafia now operate beyond their borders of their country of origin.
Globalisation has also lead to new organised criminal groups such as Central and South American Cartels
According to Hobbs and Dunningham, how are organised criminal markets ‘glocal’?
Crimes that occur on a global level are affected by issues on a local level. For example, the drug trade which operated internationally are grown in countries with minimal opportunity meaning local issues (poverty), allows people to join global crime links
Evaluation of the view that globalisation has caused an increase in organised crime?
Global crime networks have been in existence a lot longer than they theorists imply.
According to Lash and Urry, how has globalisation created more opportunities for white collar and corporate crime? (link between globalisation and crime)
Points out that 21st century capitalism is much less regulated than it was in the past. Business operate on large scales so it becomes harder for laws to regulate these actions. This is known as ‘disorganised capitalism’, big corporations are more likely to take advantage of workers in poorer countries, putting profit before pay. This leads to exploitative pay and conditions. HAs resulted in cases of serious health and safety breaches in factories in deprived countries.
Evaluation of the view that globalisation has lead to an increase in corporate crime?
White collar and global crimes have always been a problem
According to Taylor, how has globalisation widened wealth inequalities in the UK?
The nature of global capitalism has lead to a growing gap between the rich and the poor, especially in Western societies. Deindustrialization has lead to poor communities in the West desolate and turning to crime to survive. For example, in LA in the USA, deindustralisation of the ship building industry has lead to 10,000 men being involved in crime
Evaluation of the view that globalisation has widened wealth inequality?
Policies can be used to stop this
According to sociologists, how has globalisation increased the supply and demand for illegal products?
Globalisation has opened a gateway to a dark world. Typically, the ‘demand’ comes from affluent societies and the expectation is that poorer societies will fulfill such demands with their ‘supply’. For example, the sex trade, drug dealing, arms trade e.c.t.
Evaluation of the view that globalisation has increased supply and demand for illegal products?
‘illicit’ products have always existed but nowadays people are more aware about what they can access
According to sociologists, how has globalisation lead to a spread of materialistic values to all parts of the world?
People in the west have been exposed to consumerist and materialistic values for a long time, but thanks to globalisation this has spread all over the world. Those in deprived countries are being exposed to the ‘good life’ enjoyed by those in the West. This may drive people into lucrative crime such as organised crime networks which trade arms such as drugs and arms. The growth of social media has lead to an increase in cyber crime, where people become friendly towards those in the West before scamming them for money.
Evaluation of the view that globalisation has spread materialistic values to all parts of the world?
Other factors that influence crime in developing countries, such as poverty
According to Beck, how has globalisation lead to a heightened risk-consciousness in the West?
Globalisation has made society more fearful. The global media network has made us more risk-conciouss and we are more aware to our safety and wellbeing. However, the British media emphasises crime is committed by ‘other’ people, blaming immigrants and minorities for crime committed in this country. This leads to a negative reaction towards minority communities, leading to more scrutiny over them by authorities
Evaluation of the view that globalisation has lead to a heightened risk conciouss in the West?
Realists argue that such fears are a rational response to real threats that exist in society
What are the two sociological definitions of Green Crime?
- traditional criminological approaches
- green criminological approaches
According to Situ and Emmons, what is traditional criminology and how does it explain Green Crime?
Traditional criminology focusses on the study actions which breach domestic or international law. Green crime is therefore any action which damage the environment in a way that breaks the law. For harm to the environment to be a criminal offence, it must therefore be a law
Evaluation of the traditional criminological approach for explaining Green crime?
Laws regarding environmental damage are often sub-standard, leading to businesses exploiting
According to White, what is Green Criminology and how does it explain Green Crime?
Argues that any action which harms the physical environment is classed as a green crime, irrespective of the law. Points out that most environmental damage is triggered by human activity, often having devastating consequences. Green Criminology is therefore classed as transgressive, in that it recognises actions to be criminal even if the law fails to do so. Also acknowledges that harm to the environment can happen in multiple countries
Evaluation of the Green Criminology approach for explaining green crime?
Fails to explain the difference between deliberate harm and accidental
What are the 4 reasons as to why Green Crime emerges?
- late modernity & global risk society
- marxism and global capitalism
- de-labelling of Green Crime
- anthropocentrism
According to Beck, how does green crime occur due to late modernity and a global risk society?
We live in an era of late modernity which is characterised by trade links. This has lead to an increase in damage because humans nowadays are actively putting the planet at risk. E.g. growing population, means more farming, increasingly materialistic e.c.t
According to Beck, what is the global risk society? (late modernity, why green crime occurs)
Most threats to eco-systems are done so by humans and that our actions are contributing towards a global risk society, in which humans’ actions cause damage. For example, in 2010 Russia was subject to a severe heatwave which killed crops which lead to less exports and civil unrest in Mozambique
Evaluation of the view that the era of late-modernity and a global risk society has lead to green crime?
Likely that technology will save us
According to White, how does green crime occur due to marxism and global capitalism?
Global capitalist systems are responsible for a significant amount of green crime. This is because businesses are responsible for the mass production and transportation of products around the world. Green crime is ‘crime of the powerful;’ brought about by crimogenic capitalism and they work together to ensure their actions are not illegal
