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geog globalisation > GLOBALISATION > Flashcards

GLOBALISATION Flashcards

1
Q

what are the aims of the world bank

A

aims to end extreme poverty, increase equality, increase income of poorest percentage

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2
Q

how many members are there in the world bank

A

189

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3
Q

why was the world bank formed

A

to finance economic development

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4
Q

what is the role of the IMF

A

to promote development and maintain international economic security

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5
Q

what was the IMFs involvement in Greece in 2008

A

IMF and other organisations forced the Greek gov to cut back on gov spending- protests about these cutbacks

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6
Q

what does the WTO promote?

A

promotes trade liberalisation, encourages removal of barriers like tarrifs and quotas

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7
Q

give some points that are FOR trade groups

A
  • they create increased security e.g. less chance of wars
  • cheaper products available for member consumers
  • representation on a global stage for smaller nations
  • helps development of smaller nations e.g. poland in the EU
  • benefits certain sectors e.g. agriculture in the EU
  • protects industries e.g. against global competition or global fluctuations in prices
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8
Q

give some points AGAINST trade groups `

A
  • removes national soverignty? e.g. BREXIT voters
  • makes it difficult for non-member countries to access markets due to barriers e.g. tarrifs- hinders development of poorer countries
  • unemployment as companies move from richer to poorer member countries e.g. Hershey’s to Mexico
  • strict environmental regulations- good for member countries, however race to the bottom- companies often move business to poorer non-member countries with less strict regulations
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9
Q

explain chinas open door policy

A
  • chinese gov realised it needed foreign investment and western technology to globalise and so develop
  • SEZs- USA and Europe quick to notic benefits of these zones- outsourcing and offshoring business there
  • SEZs offered tax incentives, cheap labour pools, relaxed
  • China is now the worlds largest recipient of FDI
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10
Q

what indicators does the KOF index use to measure globalisation?

A
  • economic globalisation e.g. vol of FDI
  • political globalisation e.g. countries membership in global organisations like WTO
  • social globalisation e.g. cross border connections
  • measures a countries global affinity using measurment of number of Mcdonalds and Ikeas
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11
Q

what indicators does the Kearney index use as a measurement of globalisation?

A
  • economic integration
  • political engagement
  • technological connectivity e.g. number of internet users
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12
Q

give some points highlighting the position and roles od TNCs, and why they are key players in globalisation

A
  • TNCs have geographic flexability- can dictate where they locate, can operate across international borders, not stuck to one location
  • the expansion of TNCs involves the free flow of capital, labour, goods and services
  • establish economies of scale e.g. Amazon
  • develop new markets and diversify product ranges e.g. Apple is constantly updating their products and encouraging customers to buy the latest release
  • horizontal expansion, expanding at different levels e.g. Apple collaborating with music and sound companies to improve their own products
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13
Q

what is reverse colonialism?

A

Asian economies, BRICS e.g. Malaysia, India, China- all net providers of overseas investments

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14
Q

what are the effects of TNCs on the host country?

A
  • environemntal impcts e.g. Bhopal chemical leak, 30 years later the effects are still visible
  • political impacts e.g. better relationships with countries, potential allies
  • cultural erosion e.g. westernisation-Mcdonaldisation, small local businesses are unable to compete
  • sweatshop conditions- however does provide an income for countries development, +ve multiplier. Green labour- employing women, although often paid very little, gives women a better status in society
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15
Q

what are the reasons companies outsource?

A
  • cheap labour, low taxes, few regulations
  • english speaking population e.g. India has the largest number of second-language English speakers- e.g. technology, communication industries- india is a footloose economy
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16
Q

why has the global centre of economic gravity shifted?

A
  • rapid urbanisation e.g. in China, rural–> urban migration
  • rising middle class, more consumerist society
  • due to outsourcing, western countries like Eurpoean countries and the USA have experienced deindustrialisation, industries moving east
17
Q

benefits of growth on a country

A
  • investments in infrastucture e.g. China has the worlds longest high-speed railway
  • better education and healthcare
  • reduction in poverty- rural to urban migration, growing middle class,
  • China many still living in poor rural areas, however remittance payments often sent back from family members in the city
18
Q

costs of growth on a country

A
  • land degredation
  • over grazing and over use of farmland- less arable land
  • less biodiversity
  • pollution and health problems e.g. Bejing has frequent public alerts about the levels of pollution
  • rapidly increasing population- increase of informal settlement e.g. Shanty towns in Mumbai
19
Q

give a cycle of effects of deindustrialisation

A

companies and businesses fail or move away–>people unemployed–> people who can afford to move away do , counterurbanisation e.g. move to the suburbs –> poorest left behind –> degradation of land, environment –> lack of investment –> companies reluctant to move their

20
Q

give an example of an area where deindusrialisation has happened and highlight issues

A

Redcar, NE England

  • steelworks industry in redcar, main employment of the community
  • when steelworks closed down, had negative impacts on communnity
  • structural unemployment. area had a household income that was below the national average
  • degradation of environment due to contamination of land- brown field sites
  • poor education rates- only 50% of those who were in education achieved 5 or more GCSEs
  • companies were reluctant to invest
  • local gov. ensured the area didn’t become dependant on one area again–> diversified economy e.g. light manufacturing
21
Q

what are the reasons for increased urbanisation in LICs

A
  • rural- urban migration due to urban pull factors and rural push factors
  • better job prospects in cities
  • earn money for families in poor areas
22
Q

effects of rapid urbanisation in mega cities like new delhi

A
  • authorities not able to sustain such a rapidly growing poulation
  • these areas often provide tax incentives to encourage investment of TNCs, however, this leaves the gov with less revenue available to invest in much needed infrasructure
  • gov unable to provide needs for growing poopulation e.g. housing, healthcare
  • private companies are more likely than the government to provide necessities like water, housing, electricity etc. however, they are likely to target high earners first- poorer areas lose out
  • sprawling shanty towns
23
Q

what is elite migration and what effects does it have on an area

A
  • e.g. in london
  • london is a knowledge based economy- attracts highly skilled, educated workers
  • high standards of living
  • overseas purchases of properties e.g. Russians- leads to inflation of house prices and houses are too expensive for locals
24
Q

what are low wage migrants and give example of where this has been beneficial for a country

A
  • low wage migration is the movement of skilled workers
  • e.d. the UAE- has benefitted from low wage migrants due to its low population and lack of workers
  • has led to rapid building of infrastructure in the UAE- diversifies economy from oil-based, and benefits migrant workers as they are able to gain an income
  • remittance payments are an issue as migrants money isnt being spent in the local economy
  • migrant workers are at risk of being deported back to their home country when their contract runs out
  • migrant workers also helps sustain the livelihoods of middle classes in the host country e.g. providing childcare, workers for leisure industries
25
Q

how does cultural landscape and diversity change as the economy grows

A
  • peoples views and attitudes change over time
  • as the economy grows, the lanscape changes and so does peoples way of living
  • e.g. china town in liverpool- cultural diversification, more multicultural
  • different cultures influence cuisine, music etc.
  • language is usually a aspect that seperates cultures however, due to globalisation e.g. global broadcasting of media, has led to the narrowing of vocab that is used, less differenciation–> globish is the idea of a global language developing and cultures become increasingly homogenised
26
Q

what is HDI and GII

A
  • HDI- Human Development Index, devised by the UN ans measures education, GDP and life expectancy
  • GII-Gender Inequality Index- users indicators of empower, education and employment of women aswell as reproductive health
27
Q

what do environmental indices measure

A
  • acknowledges that as economy increases, environmental quality tends to decrease
  • heavy industries e.g. manufacturing- pollution and contamination
  • most HICs have improved air quality, environmental quality
28
Q

explain what the lorenz curve and what the kuznets curve show

A
  • the Lorenz curve- shows inequality of a country. Line of absolute equality is used for comparison ie. where each percentage of the population earn the same percentage of income–> the further away from this line, the more unequal e.g. in the USA, the top 1/5th of householders income has over 50% of the total income
  • the Kuznets curve- shows progression of distribution of income as a country develops e.g. countries with low levels of development- majority of the population work on the land and are relatively poor- there is a small difference between the rich and poor, as the country develops, some benefit more than others and the gapp between the rich and poor widens. As the economy developed further, more resources are exploited and allocated to the poorest groups, more money is available to dedicate to the development of the poorer populations ets. - redistribution through taxes, job creation etc.
29
Q

what is diaspore

A

the spread of cultures, ideas, information

30
Q

what are open borders

A

open borders allow the free movement of people across borders with limited restrictions of barriers e.g. EU citizens are able to freely move around the EU

31
Q

what kind of communities might be against globalisation

A

political extreme parties e.g. Frances national Front–> some people seek to maintain their identity and culture within a country
-might lead to migrants being victims of harassment, violence, exploitation etc.

32
Q

What is Transition Town Totnes

A
  • Totnes in Devon was one of the first towns to declare itself to be in transition
  • it promotes local sourcing so the support of local businesses, it promotes working together as a community e.g. community projects like planting around the city
  • focuses on improving the local environment
  • reduces consumption by repairing or reusing items
  • TTT is now facing problems because of globalisation- more people are using credit cards so the totnes pound is going out of use
33
Q

why was Fairtrade established and what does it promote?

A
  • the WTO promotes trade liberalisation which often puts small businesses like producers of raw materials against powerful, influential TNCs
  • Fairtrade aims to bring a bigger proportion of the revenue to the producer/grower
  • promotes environmental sustainability and can help farmers, families and communities
  • promotes ethical shopping- up to the consumer to make a decision about purchasing products produced under fairtrade terms
  • a negative about ethical shopping is that organic products can mean more deforestation and without the use of fertilisers and pesticides, more land is needed

geog globalisation (1 decks)

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