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Introduction to International Relations > Globalisation > Flashcards

Globalisation Flashcards

1
Q

What is globalisation?

A

Deepening interconnectivity + dependence between nations

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2
Q

Is globalisation new?

A

Isn’t new, but scale + scope has increased dramatically in last 50 years

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3
Q

Name 3 key factors in globalisation

A
  • Freedom of trade
  • Improved communication
  • Improvements in transportation
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4
Q

How has freedom of trade been promoted by international organisations and agreements?

A
  • Organisations like WTO help promote trade between countries by removing trade barriers
  • eg. tariffs between countries
  • Regional trade agreements e.g. EU’s Single Market, NAFTA also promote free trade
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5
Q

How has improved communication aided globalisation?

A

Growth of internet + mobile technology facilitates business and broader sharing of ideas + culture

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6
Q

How has improved transportation aided globalisation?

A

Speed of moving goods has increased whilst cost has decreased.
Containerisation is key.

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7
Q

What is economic globalisation?

A
  • Deep integration
  • All national economies have, to some extent, been absorbed into an interlocking global economy
  • Production is internationalised
  • Financial capital flows freely and instantly between countries
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8
Q

What is political globalisation?

A
  • Shift of decision-making from states to IOs

- Which may have regional jurisdiction (EU) or global jurisdiction (UN)

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9
Q

What are most international organisations founded on?

A
  • The principle of intergovernmentalism
  • Rather than supranationalism
  • As states take collective action without sacrificing national sovereignty
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10
Q

What is the impact of political globalisation?

A
  • Regulation of economic globalisation
  • Global spread of political ideas (human rights)
  • Or political structures (liberal democracy)
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11
Q

What is cultural globalisation?

A

Information, commodities + images produced in one part of the world enter into a global flow that tends to flatten out cultural differences between nations, regions + individuals

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12
Q

Is cultural globalisation a form of cultural imperialism?

A

Brings about process of global homogenisation -> weakens indigenous cultures and values

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13
Q

Who does cultural globalisation benefit?

A
  • Serves the interest of economic globalisation

- Advancing interests of TNCs

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14
Q

What is cultural globalisation associated with?

A

Associated with political extremism as perceived Western domination has stimulated growth of religious fundamentalism + ethnic nationalism

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15
Q

According to liberals, has globalisation had a dramatic impact on global politics?

A
  • Globalisation has had a dramatic + far-reaching impact on global politics
  • Profound shift that has intensified since 1980s
  • Impact of globalisation greatest on state + state sovereignty
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16
Q

Liberalism: Traditionally, what did the global system look like?

A

A system of sovereign and autonomous states

17
Q

Liberalism: In a globalised world, what does the global system look like?

A
  • Increased interconnectedness means more porous state borders
  • States are penetrated by external influences to a much greater extent
18
Q

Liberalism: How has a borderless world been created?

A

The impact of global capital markets + the creation of an interlocking capitalist economy has created a borderless world

19
Q

Liberalism: How is the decline of the state reflected?

A
  • More porous borders

- Greater importance of non-state actors (TNCs)

20
Q

Liberalism: How has growing interdependence changed relations between states?

A
  • Growing interdependence has changed relations between + amongst states
  • Creating strong pressure towards cooperation + integration
21
Q

Liberalism: How has globalisation shifted the focus of global politics?

A
  • Also shifted focus of global politics away from war + peace
  • Forced other issues onto foreign policy agenda eg. environment, poverty, human rights
22
Q

Liberalism: How has globalisation shifted policy-making responsibility?

A
  • Led to shift in policy-making responsibility from states to IOs or IVOs
  • Clear trend towards regional integration + strengthening of global governance
23
Q

Realism: Has the international system changed as a result of globalisation?

A

Realists claim international system remains substantially unchanged

eg. War on Terror, Brexit

24
Q

Realism: Where does the majority of economic activity take place?

Are states still the principal actors?

A

Overwhelming majority of economic activity still takes place within, not across, national boundaries

States therefore remain the principal actors. Only a tiny proportion (weak or failed states) unable to control what happens within their borders

25
Q

Realism: What is the impact of IOs and IVOs?

A
  • IOs and IVOs may have grown in number, but they remain weak and ineffective
  • Control continues to reside with individual states
26
Q

Realism: Does the growth of regional + international organisations imply a decline in state power?

A
  • Growth of regional + international organisations doesn’t imply decline of state power
  • As these tend to be instruments through which (powerful) states achieve their interests
27
Q

Nation states NOT relevant: What has neoliberalism meant for the global political economy?

A
  • Neoliberalism is the latest phase of globalisation

- It has resulted in the GPE resting on deregulated financial markets + free trade

28
Q

Nation states NOT relevant: Why are TNCs now more important?

A
  • TNCs free to roam world + organise production activities where there are most conducive conditions
  • TNCs political power far exceeds that of many governments
  • States wanting to attract investment + trade are bound by preferences of TNCs
  • Policy autonomy has been eroded by TNCs
29
Q

Nation states NOT relevant: What is the impact of markets + global capital?

A
  • Markets + global capital undermine states power + authority
  • Deregulation of finance + liberalisation of trade have eroded power that states previously had over economies processes + actors
30
Q

Nation states still relevant: Do states have ultimate control over their territories?

A
  • TNCs are not sovereign

- States have ultimate control over their territories

31
Q

Nation states still relevant: Do states seize TNC assets?

A
  • States can and do seize TNC assets, expel TNC personnel, impose draconian fines for alleged violations of law…
  • Ultimately state is still sovereign
32
Q

Nation states still relevant: Why might a state be reluctant to take extreme steps against a TNC?

A

May be reluctant to take extreme steps for fear of causing a flight of overseas investment or withdrawal of other TNCs from the country

33
Q

Nation states still relevant: Have states themselves been responsible for their reduced role in economic governance?

A
  • States themselves have been responsible for their reduced role in economic governance
  • They continually act to maintain conditions for deregulation + liberalisation
34
Q

Nation states still relevant: In what way are states instrumental?

A

States are instrumental in managing economic crisis + dealing with the consequences of economic instability

Introduction to International Relations (9 decks)

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