Globalisation Flashcards
Death rate
Number of deaths per 1000 per year in a region
Birth rate
Number of births per 1000 per year in a region
Economic migrant
Migrant whose primary motivation is to seek employment
Migrants who already have jobs may be searching for better pay/more regular pay/promotion/change of career
Internal migration
Movement of people between different regions within same nation
Example of internal migration
Millions of people in poorer nations move from countryside to cities in recent decades in response to differing levels of economic opportunity
Intervening obstacle
Barrier to migrant such as a political border or physical feature (e.g. Mediterranean for North Africans heading to Europe)
Other obstacles include family pressures and travel costs
Intervening opportunity
Alternative migration destination that exists between migrants place of origin and intended destination
Natural increase
Difference between BR and DE usually converted into a percentage
Natural decrease
Higher humber of deaths than births in a year
Structural adjustment programmes
Strict conditions imposed on countries receiving loans from IMF and World Bank.
Receiving governments may be required to cut back on healthcare, education, sanitation and housing programmes
Elite
A group of people who are economically and socially powerful.
Money may be inherited or entrepreneurial in origin (e.g. Bill Gates has earned over $50b from his company Microsoft)
Foreign direct investment
A financial injection made by a TNC into a nation’s economy
- Build new facilities e.g. Factories/shops
- Acquire or merge with existing firm there
Rural-urban migration
Movement of population from rural to urban areas
Typically young (15-30yrs) and male dominated, although in Asian nations (esp China and Thailand) there is balance between men and women
Development gap
Difference in levels of economic and social well being between richest and poorest people on planet
Gross domestic product
Measure of financial value of goods and devices produced within a territory (including foreign firms located there).
Divided by population size to produce a per capita figure for purpose of making comparisons.
Human development index
A UN measure of economic and social development that takes Ito account income per capita, life expectancy and literacy
Poverty
Lack of wealth
Absolute poverty
Income levels below what is needed to maintain an adequate diet
Relative poverty
Income levels that are below average for a region
Petrodollars
Money derived from selling oil
Since formation of OPEC, states (e.g. Saudi Arabia, UAE inc. Dubai, Venezuela) experienced significant increases in levels of national wealth
Spatial division of labour
Common practice among large firms for moving low skilled work abroad to places where labour costs are low, where factories and call centres are established in poorer countries.
Important skilled jobs (e.g. Management/research) are retained at firm’s HQ in country of origin
Maquiladora
Branch plant in Mexico
Trade blocs
Voluntary international organisations that exist for trading purposes, bringing greater economic strength and security to nations that join
Assembly industries
Manufacturing operations that take the products of many different industries and fit these together to make finished goods
Transnational corporations
A company that has operations in more than one country
Branch plant
Factory built in a country by a TNC which has HQ elsewhere
Consumption
Purchase and use of commodities (both food and goods), services, and landscapes (if one pays to visit the landscape, therefore consuming it)
Glocalisation
Local sourcing of parts by TNCs in places where they assemble their global products close to markets. At the same time, they are able to customise products go meet local tastes or laws.
Parent company
Original business that a global TNC has developed around and whose directors still make decisions that affect the organisation as a whole
Example for parent company
Walt Disney company owns several television networkers, animation studios (e.g. Pixar) and 11 theme parks
Tertiary sector/service sector
Consists of businesses that produce no physical product. Instead, they sell the products of manufacturing/agricultural industries or offer service (e.g. Education/tourism)
Minimum wage
Hourly wage set by nations government that all companies must pay to their employees.
UK’s minimum wage
More than £5/hour but most poorer countries have no such rules
Core
Most developed and highly populated region of country. Growth of core regions is fed by flows of labour from less well developed regions.
Switched on places
Nations, regions or cities that are strongly connected to other places through production and consumption o goods and services.
Switched off places
Places that are poorly connected
Wilderness
an area of planet that had remained relatively untouched by human activity and is home to only small numbers of indigenous people.
Examples of wildernesses
Rain forests of Amazonia and Borneo
Antarctica
Unpopulated regions
Shrinking world/time-space compression
Due to technology, distant places start to feel closer and take less time to reach.
Network
Illustration or model that shows how different places are linked together
Nodes
Points on a network map
Global hub
A node that is especially well connected
Flows
Connections between nodes or global hubs
Cluster
Geographically concentrated group of connected industries and institutions inc firms/suppliers/financial backers/educational institutions/research agencies
Example of cluster
Central London is home to clusters of TV production companies and universities that deliver media courses
Cumulative causation
Model that explains why wealth becomes concentrated in certain places. Glob. Increases chances of CC as local people can find global markets for products or attract employers with their skills
Export processing zone
Small industrial area often on coast where favourable conditions are created to attract foreign TNCs. These conditions include low tax rates and exemption from tariffs and export duties.
Global hub
Settlement providing focal point for activities that have global influence
All megacities and world cities are global hubs
Examples of smaller settlements - Cambridge whose university and science park have global reach
Human resources
Abilities and potential of human populations ITO educational levels, skills, languages they speak and capacity to innovate and invent.
This makes humans the ultimate resource.
Multiplier effect
Positive spin offs that follow initial investment (e.g. Branch plant) in a region.
Examples:
Other firms may gain business supplying parts
Increased spending power of workers stimulate service sector
Higher tax revenues can be invested in education and infr
Natural resources
Materials found in environment that humans have the technological ability AND desire to use. These change over time as technology develops (e.g. Uranium became a fuel source after nuclear fission was first achieved)
Technopole
Cluster of technologically innovative businesses and research institutes
Example of technopoles
Silicon Valley in California
Silicon Fen in Cambridge
Silicon Glen in Edinburgh and Borders
Seoul in South Korea
Trickle down
Positive impacts in peripheral regions (and poorer people) of the creation of wealth in core regions (and among richer people).
E.g. Roll out of national services such as motorways schools hospitals
Regional aid and assistance for start up businesses
Genealogy
Study of family history
Greying population
A pop structure in which proportion of people aged 65+ is high and rising caused by increasing life expectancy and can be further exaggerated by low birth rates
Age selective migration
Movement of particular age group or gender
Extended family
Members of family beyond core of parents and children
Social mobility
Movement of individuals between different levels of social hierarchy, usually measures occupationally.
Intergenerational mobility
Social shift between parents and their children
Baby boom
Brief increase in BR
UK baby boom
End of WW2 when returning soldiers started families
Echo of his event in 1960s
Secularisation
General decline in significance of religious beliefs.
Secular society
People are more likely to be tolerant of abortion and use of contraception
Consumerism
Growth of way of life based around consumption in which shopping and spending money are all important
Displaced persons
People who are forced to move by war/famine/political persecution/natural disaster
Illegal immigrants
People who avoid border and immigration controls and enter a new country illegally.
Many are country migrant seeking work
Some may be forced as part of human trafficking to enter prostitution or other illegal activities
Voluntary migrants
People who move for QOL reasons, usually economic gain (economic migrants).
Many move temporarily (contract workers and professionals), returning home after months or years.
Net migration
The balance between immigration and emigration
Immigration
People moving into a country
Emigration
People leaving a country
Slum (according to UN)
Urban settlement in which over 50% inhabitants lack one or more of following: •Durable housing •Sufficient living area •Improved water supply •Access to sanitation •Secure tenure (ownership)
Shanty towns
Areas of slum housing built from waste materials
Urban growth
Growth in physical size of city
Squatter settlements
If the inhabitants are illegal occupying land
Urban sprawl
When urban areas grow outwards, usually in uncontrolled way onto surrounding rural land
Suburbanisation
When wealthy choose to live on city edge to escape poverty/crime/congestion/pollution of city centre
Gated suburbs
Modern trend where walls, gates and security keep non residents out
Common in Latin American and South African cities
Counter urbanisation
Movement of people out of cities and into rural areas (often in developing world but very rich can do too)
Reurbanisation
When people move back into cities
May follow attempts to regenerate areas of cities that have declined
World city/global city
City with major economic and political power
Examples of world cities
New York (which is also a mega city) Paris (not a MC)
Externalities
Range of benefits and costs generated by economic activity that are not fully accounted for in the price and marked system of economics
Example of externality
Pollution is negative externality
Rising literacy is a positive externality
Global shift
Global scale relocation of different types of industrial activity, especially manufacturing industries.
Effect of global shift
Redraws world economic map
Bright social/political/environmental changes to nations
Deindustrialisation
Decline of regionally important manufacturing industries
Can chatted ITO workforce numbers or output/production measures
Post industrial economy
Replacement of traditional manufacturing or mining employment by an employment structure focused on services and technology
(Tertiary/quaternary sectors)
Purchasing power parity
Measure of average wealth that takes into account the cost of a typical basket of goods in a country.
Purchasing power parity in low income countries
Goods cost less meaning that wages go further than might be expected
E.g. China’s GDP per capita of around $2000/year generates a PPP closer to £7000
Quaternary sector
Component of a country’s employment structure that includes research, information management and financial management. Quaternary activities include computing, bio research, defence industries,new media, etc.
Ecological footprint
Measurement of area of land or water required to provide a person/society with energy, food and resources they consume and the waste they produce
Food miles
The distance food travels from a farm to a consumer
Dependency
When a nation relies for income on outside sources and had only weak control over its own economic future
Ethical purchase
Financial exchange where consumer has considered social and environmental costs of production of the goods/food/services purchased
Gross National Income
Includes wealth generated abroad (TNCs) and debts of country as well as financial value of goods, services produced in country divided by population
Asylum seeker
Person who seeks to gain entry to another country by claiming to be a victim of persecution or hardship
Refugee (UN definition)
Someone whose reasons for moving are genuinely to do with fear of persecution or death
Remittances
Money sent home to family members by migrants working and living abroad
Repatriation
To send someone back to his or her country of birth
Returnees
People who return to their native country
Megacities
Population of 10m+ people
Examples of megacities
Shanghai
Dhaka
Tokyo
(21 cities)
Megalopolis/urban archipelago
Cities so large (15m+) that they have more than one centre
Centripetal forces
Pulling cities together -> concentration of wealth, employment and services attract more to London
Centrifugal forces
Pulling cities part ->congestion, high costs and quality of life forces people to move out
