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Geography Unit 1 > Globalisation > Flashcards

Globalisation Flashcards

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0
Q

Death rate

A

Number of deaths per 1000 per year in a region

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1
Q

Birth rate

A

Number of births per 1000 per year in a region

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2
Q

Economic migrant

A

Migrant whose primary motivation is to seek employment

Migrants who already have jobs may be searching for better pay/more regular pay/promotion/change of career

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3
Q

Internal migration

A

Movement of people between different regions within same nation

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4
Q

Example of internal migration

A

Millions of people in poorer nations move from countryside to cities in recent decades in response to differing levels of economic opportunity

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5
Q

Intervening obstacle

A

Barrier to migrant such as a political border or physical feature (e.g. Mediterranean for North Africans heading to Europe)
Other obstacles include family pressures and travel costs

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6
Q

Intervening opportunity

A

Alternative migration destination that exists between migrants place of origin and intended destination

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7
Q

Natural increase

A

Difference between BR and DE usually converted into a percentage

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8
Q

Natural decrease

A

Higher humber of deaths than births in a year

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9
Q

Structural adjustment programmes

A

Strict conditions imposed on countries receiving loans from IMF and World Bank.
Receiving governments may be required to cut back on healthcare, education, sanitation and housing programmes

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10
Q

Elite

A

A group of people who are economically and socially powerful.

Money may be inherited or entrepreneurial in origin (e.g. Bill Gates has earned over $50b from his company Microsoft)

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11
Q

Foreign direct investment

A

A financial injection made by a TNC into a nation’s economy

  • Build new facilities e.g. Factories/shops
  • Acquire or merge with existing firm there
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12
Q

Rural-urban migration

A

Movement of population from rural to urban areas

Typically young (15-30yrs) and male dominated, although in Asian nations (esp China and Thailand) there is balance between men and women

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13
Q

Development gap

A

Difference in levels of economic and social well being between richest and poorest people on planet

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14
Q

Gross domestic product

A

Measure of financial value of goods and devices produced within a territory (including foreign firms located there).

Divided by population size to produce a per capita figure for purpose of making comparisons.

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15
Q

Human development index

A

A UN measure of economic and social development that takes Ito account income per capita, life expectancy and literacy

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16
Q

Poverty

A

Lack of wealth

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17
Q

Absolute poverty

A

Income levels below what is needed to maintain an adequate diet

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18
Q

Relative poverty

A

Income levels that are below average for a region

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19
Q

Petrodollars

A

Money derived from selling oil

Since formation of OPEC, states (e.g. Saudi Arabia, UAE inc. Dubai, Venezuela) experienced significant increases in levels of national wealth

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20
Q

Spatial division of labour

A

Common practice among large firms for moving low skilled work abroad to places where labour costs are low, where factories and call centres are established in poorer countries.
Important skilled jobs (e.g. Management/research) are retained at firm’s HQ in country of origin

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21
Q

Maquiladora

A

Branch plant in Mexico

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22
Q

Trade blocs

A

Voluntary international organisations that exist for trading purposes, bringing greater economic strength and security to nations that join

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23
Q

Assembly industries

A

Manufacturing operations that take the products of many different industries and fit these together to make finished goods

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24
Q

Transnational corporations

A

A company that has operations in more than one country

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25
Q

Branch plant

A

Factory built in a country by a TNC which has HQ elsewhere

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26
Q

Consumption

A

Purchase and use of commodities (both food and goods), services, and landscapes (if one pays to visit the landscape, therefore consuming it)

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27
Q

Glocalisation

A

Local sourcing of parts by TNCs in places where they assemble their global products close to markets. At the same time, they are able to customise products go meet local tastes or laws.

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28
Q

Parent company

A

Original business that a global TNC has developed around and whose directors still make decisions that affect the organisation as a whole

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29
Q

Example for parent company

A

Walt Disney company owns several television networkers, animation studios (e.g. Pixar) and 11 theme parks

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30
Q

Tertiary sector/service sector

A

Consists of businesses that produce no physical product. Instead, they sell the products of manufacturing/agricultural industries or offer service (e.g. Education/tourism)

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31
Q

Minimum wage

A

Hourly wage set by nations government that all companies must pay to their employees.

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32
Q

UK’s minimum wage

A

More than £5/hour but most poorer countries have no such rules

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33
Q

Core

A

Most developed and highly populated region of country. Growth of core regions is fed by flows of labour from less well developed regions.

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34
Q

Switched on places

A

Nations, regions or cities that are strongly connected to other places through production and consumption o goods and services.

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35
Q

Switched off places

A

Places that are poorly connected

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36
Q

Wilderness

A

an area of planet that had remained relatively untouched by human activity and is home to only small numbers of indigenous people.

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37
Q

Examples of wildernesses

A

Rain forests of Amazonia and Borneo
Antarctica

Unpopulated regions

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38
Q

Shrinking world/time-space compression

A

Due to technology, distant places start to feel closer and take less time to reach.

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39
Q

Network

A

Illustration or model that shows how different places are linked together

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40
Q

Nodes

A

Points on a network map

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41
Q

Global hub

A

A node that is especially well connected

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42
Q

Flows

A

Connections between nodes or global hubs

43
Q

Cluster

A

Geographically concentrated group of connected industries and institutions inc firms/suppliers/financial backers/educational institutions/research agencies

44
Q

Example of cluster

A

Central London is home to clusters of TV production companies and universities that deliver media courses

45
Q

Cumulative causation

A

Model that explains why wealth becomes concentrated in certain places. Glob. Increases chances of CC as local people can find global markets for products or attract employers with their skills

46
Q

Export processing zone

A

Small industrial area often on coast where favourable conditions are created to attract foreign TNCs. These conditions include low tax rates and exemption from tariffs and export duties.

47
Q

Global hub

A

Settlement providing focal point for activities that have global influence

All megacities and world cities are global hubs

Examples of smaller settlements - Cambridge whose university and science park have global reach

48
Q

Human resources

A

Abilities and potential of human populations ITO educational levels, skills, languages they speak and capacity to innovate and invent.
This makes humans the ultimate resource.

49
Q

Multiplier effect

A

Positive spin offs that follow initial investment (e.g. Branch plant) in a region.
Examples:
Other firms may gain business supplying parts
Increased spending power of workers stimulate service sector
Higher tax revenues can be invested in education and infr

50
Q

Natural resources

A

Materials found in environment that humans have the technological ability AND desire to use. These change over time as technology develops (e.g. Uranium became a fuel source after nuclear fission was first achieved)

51
Q

Technopole

A

Cluster of technologically innovative businesses and research institutes

52
Q

Example of technopoles

A

Silicon Valley in California
Silicon Fen in Cambridge
Silicon Glen in Edinburgh and Borders
Seoul in South Korea

53
Q

Trickle down

A

Positive impacts in peripheral regions (and poorer people) of the creation of wealth in core regions (and among richer people).
E.g. Roll out of national services such as motorways schools hospitals
Regional aid and assistance for start up businesses

54
Q

Genealogy

A

Study of family history

55
Q

Greying population

A

A pop structure in which proportion of people aged 65+ is high and rising caused by increasing life expectancy and can be further exaggerated by low birth rates

56
Q

Age selective migration

A

Movement of particular age group or gender

57
Q

Extended family

A

Members of family beyond core of parents and children

58
Q

Social mobility

A

Movement of individuals between different levels of social hierarchy, usually measures occupationally.

59
Q

Intergenerational mobility

A

Social shift between parents and their children

60
Q

Baby boom

A

Brief increase in BR

61
Q

UK baby boom

A

End of WW2 when returning soldiers started families

Echo of his event in 1960s

62
Q

Secularisation

A

General decline in significance of religious beliefs.

63
Q

Secular society

A

People are more likely to be tolerant of abortion and use of contraception

64
Q

Consumerism

A

Growth of way of life based around consumption in which shopping and spending money are all important

65
Q

Displaced persons

A

People who are forced to move by war/famine/political persecution/natural disaster

66
Q

Illegal immigrants

A

People who avoid border and immigration controls and enter a new country illegally.

Many are country migrant seeking work
Some may be forced as part of human trafficking to enter prostitution or other illegal activities

67
Q

Voluntary migrants

A

People who move for QOL reasons, usually economic gain (economic migrants).
Many move temporarily (contract workers and professionals), returning home after months or years.

68
Q

Net migration

A

The balance between immigration and emigration

69
Q

Immigration

A

People moving into a country

70
Q

Emigration

A

People leaving a country

71
Q

Slum (according to UN)

A 
Urban settlement in which over 50% inhabitants lack one or more of following:
•Durable housing
•Sufficient living area
•Improved water supply
•Access to sanitation
•Secure tenure (ownership)
72
Q

Shanty towns

A

Areas of slum housing built from waste materials

73
Q

Urban growth

A

Growth in physical size of city

74
Q

Squatter settlements

A

If the inhabitants are illegal occupying land

75
Q

Urban sprawl

A

When urban areas grow outwards, usually in uncontrolled way onto surrounding rural land

76
Q

Suburbanisation

A

When wealthy choose to live on city edge to escape poverty/crime/congestion/pollution of city centre

77
Q

Gated suburbs

A

Modern trend where walls, gates and security keep non residents out

Common in Latin American and South African cities

78
Q

Counter urbanisation

A

Movement of people out of cities and into rural areas (often in developing world but very rich can do too)

79
Q

Reurbanisation

A

When people move back into cities

May follow attempts to regenerate areas of cities that have declined

80
Q

World city/global city

A

City with major economic and political power

81
Q

Examples of world cities

A 
New York (which is also a mega city) 
Paris (not a MC)
82
Q

Externalities

A

Range of benefits and costs generated by economic activity that are not fully accounted for in the price and marked system of economics

83
Q

Example of externality

A

Pollution is negative externality

Rising literacy is a positive externality

84
Q

Global shift

A

Global scale relocation of different types of industrial activity, especially manufacturing industries.

85
Q

Effect of global shift

A

Redraws world economic map

Bright social/political/environmental changes to nations

86
Q

Deindustrialisation

A

Decline of regionally important manufacturing industries

Can chatted ITO workforce numbers or output/production measures

87
Q

Post industrial economy

A

Replacement of traditional manufacturing or mining employment by an employment structure focused on services and technology
(Tertiary/quaternary sectors)

88
Q

Purchasing power parity

A

Measure of average wealth that takes into account the cost of a typical basket of goods in a country.

89
Q

Purchasing power parity in low income countries

A

Goods cost less meaning that wages go further than might be expected

E.g. China’s GDP per capita of around $2000/year generates a PPP closer to £7000

90
Q

Quaternary sector

A

Component of a country’s employment structure that includes research, information management and financial management. Quaternary activities include computing, bio research, defence industries,new media, etc.

91
Q

Ecological footprint

A

Measurement of area of land or water required to provide a person/society with energy, food and resources they consume and the waste they produce

92
Q

Food miles

A

The distance food travels from a farm to a consumer

93
Q

Dependency

A

When a nation relies for income on outside sources and had only weak control over its own economic future

94
Q

Ethical purchase

A

Financial exchange where consumer has considered social and environmental costs of production of the goods/food/services purchased

95
Q

Gross National Income

A

Includes wealth generated abroad (TNCs) and debts of country as well as financial value of goods, services produced in country divided by population

96
Q

Asylum seeker

A

Person who seeks to gain entry to another country by claiming to be a victim of persecution or hardship

97
Q

Refugee (UN definition)

A

Someone whose reasons for moving are genuinely to do with fear of persecution or death

98
Q

Remittances

A

Money sent home to family members by migrants working and living abroad

99
Q

Repatriation

A

To send someone back to his or her country of birth

100
Q

Returnees

A

People who return to their native country

101
Q

Megacities

A

Population of 10m+ people

102
Q

Examples of megacities

A

Shanghai
Dhaka
Tokyo
(21 cities)

103
Q

Megalopolis/urban archipelago

A

Cities so large (15m+) that they have more than one centre

104
Q

Centripetal forces

A

Pulling cities together -> concentration of wealth, employment and services attract more to London

105
Q

Centrifugal forces

A

Pulling cities part ->congestion, high costs and quality of life forces people to move out

Geography Unit 1 (2 decks)

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