Globalisation Flashcards
Held’s definition of globalisation:
The widening, deepening and speeding up of world wide interconnectedness in all aspects of life, from the cultural to the criminal, the financial to the spirit
Causes of globalisation
Spread of new information
Communiation technologies
Influence of global mass media
Cheap air travel
What does Held believe?
There has been a globalisation of crime with an increasing interconnectedness of crime across national borders and the spread of transnational organised crime
Castells global criminal economy
There is now a global criminal economy worth over £1 trillion per annum
Global criminal economy forms example:
Trafficking of arms, nuclear materials, women & children, body parts, endangered species
Smuggling of illegal immigrants
International terrorism
Money laundering
Drugs trade
Globalisation creates ____?
Risk consciousness
Example of risk consciousness
Economic migrants and asylum seekers fleeing persecution has given rise to anxieties in western countries about risks of crime and disorder - need to protect their borders. E.g Southport 2024 far right
Result of global risk consciousness
The intensification of social control at a national level. UK has toughened its border control regulations
Example of how the UK has toughened its border control regulations
Fining airlines if they bring in undocumented passengers. Similarly, the UK has no legal limits on how long a person is held in immigration detention
What theoretical perspective if Taylor from?
Marxist
What does Taylor argue globalisation has led to?
Greater inequality
How has globalisation led to greater inequality transnationally?
Allowed transnational corporations to switch manufacturing to low wage countries which produces job insecurity, unemployment and poverty
Another way globalisation has led to inequality:
Deregulation whereby governments have little control over their own economies, e.g to create jobs while state spending on welfare has declined
How does insecurity amongst the poor encourage people to turn to crime?
The lack of legitimate job opportunities destroys self-respect and drives the unemployed to look for illegitimate job opportunities e.g the lucrative drugs trade
How has globalisation led to new patterns of employment?
Increased use of subcontracting to recruit ‘flexbile’ workers which often work illegally or are employed for less than the minimum wage
Who argued the ‘glocal’ organisation?
Hobbs and Dunningham
What did Hobbs and Dunningham find?
Individuals with contacts act as a ‘hub’ around which a loose-knit network forms, composed of other individuals seeking opportunities - linking of legitimate + illegitimate opportunities
Glocal meaning
Crime is still locally based but with global connections. The form it takes will vary from place to place according to local conditions even if influenced by global factors like the avaliability of drugs abroad
Who examined the rise of ‘McMafia’?
Glenny, referring to the organisations that emerged in Russia and Eastern Europe following the fall of communism
