globalisation Flashcards
what is globalisation
The increasing interconnectedness of the world
The integration of economies industries markets cultures from around the world
what are some examples of globalisation
Global trade increased massively over last 50 years
Communications times and cost reduced dramatically
Huge increase in global immigration
Containerisation
What is the historical overview of globalisation
• stage one- after World War II trade rules relaxed making it easier for countries to trade with no restrictions
• stage two- nineteen fifties to sixties increase in personal wealth increase in desire for personal goods and growth of consumerism starts in US and spreads to Europe
• stage three- new economies in Southeast Asia called tiger economies manufacture products to meet the demand in Europe
• stage four- 1970s 80s western TNC start moving production to Asia
• stage five- late 1980s- collapse of communism opens markets with Russia and Eastern Europe
• stage six-1990s rapid growth in global communications and cheaper air travel rapid growth of China and India
What are the factors that accelerate globalisation
TNCs
Low transport cost
Communication revolution
International organisations
New markets
what are tariffs
Taxes applied to goods when traded internationally
what is protectionism
Controlling trade between countries by means of tariffs
what is FDI
Investment within a country originating from outside
What are special economic zones
Zones in areas designed to attract FDI
What is privatisation
The transfer of ownership from state sector to private sector
What are trade blocks and what are the positives and negatives
into governmental agreement where barriers to trade are reduced or removed
Creates bigger markets
Attracts FDI
Protection from foreign competitors
But can cause interdependence
what is outsourcing
Where Business makes a contract with other company to complete some work often abroad
What is offshoring
Company moves part of operations to another country
What are TNCs
companies that produce goods and services in more than one country
Mostly research and development in AC , manufacturer in EDC, and raw materials from LIDCs
what is glocalisation
Adapting goods or services to local markets and cultures e.g. right hand drive cars for UK
Why may countries be switched off and what does it mean
areas do not have access to global economy
Due to long distance from market
Poor quality natural resources
Political instability
Poor transport and communications
Over dependence on an industry
What are the global positives of globalisation with facts and figures
Life expectancy increased from 32 to 69 in 100 years
illiteracy has reduced from 70% to 20% since 1950
One billion lifted out of poverty
Decline in malnutrition rates
What are the global negatives of globalisation with facts and figures
unsustainable
Increasing pollution
Increasing global warming
Economic growth not the only measure
Rates of mental illnesses increasing
Richest 1% owns as much as poorest 50%
Richer 600 people have more personal wealth than entire continent of Africa
what is deindustrialisation
The mass closure of industries in regions traditionally associated with high levels of secondary employment
What is a mega city and what are the issues
omega city is a city with a population of over 10 million ( there were 28 in 2017)
Overcrowding
Poor housing
Traffic congestion
Air pollution
What are common push factors in an area
less job
Unhappy life
Lack of services
War and conflict
Natural disasters
Food shortages
what are key pull factors for an area
access to services
Better job opportunities
Improved living conditions
Family links
What are the cost snd benefits of migration for the source country
costs-
loss of young labour
Circle of decline
Culture of out migration
Loss of skilled labour
Unbalanced population pyramid
Returning on retirement which puts a burden on services
benefits:
Remittances
Returning migrants bring skills back
Less pressure on resources
Lower birth rates and population pressure
What are the costs and benefits of migration on the destination country
costs:
displaced local labour
Money sent to country of origin
Pressure on resources
Racism
Loss of culture identity
benefits :
Skills gained
fill undesirable post
Creation of multicultural societies
Increase in cultural awareness
Growth in ethnic retail
What is cultural diffusion
The spread of cultures
what is Americanisation
The spread of US based culture
what is monoculture
The idea that a single global culture influenced by the west is developing
What are some examples of where cultural globalisation can be seen
in cinema
fashion
music - UK and US responsible for half of global sales
language - 600 mil primary speakers of English
Food & Drink- McDonald’s in 121 nations
and on the Internet
what are the benefits of cultural globalisation
local trends spread due to Internet
Cultural knowledge spreads
English language spreads and there is a global understanding
Introduces other cultures into AC s
Instant news
Pop culture industries
What are the negatives of cultural globalisation
dilution of traditional cultures
Impossible to escape certain influences
Some cultures see westernised as a threat
what is GDP per capita and what are the negatives and positives
total value of goods and services produced in a year divided by population
Quantitive
Reliable indicator of general wealth
Link to this and quality of life
Not taken into account social factors
Countries with big industries and small populations score well
Does not take into account inequality
What is the gender equality index and what are the positives and negatives
it measures features such as maternity mortality and female participation in higher education
Klix to economic and social advancement
Link to moral case of equality
Some countries score bad for religious and cultural reasons
What is HDI and what are the positives and negatives of it
measures life expectancy average years of schooling and purchasing power
Variety of economic and social factors
Allows direct comparisons between countries
Links to overall quality of life
Not recognise variations within countries
Reflects long-term changes like life expectancy
No data for some countries
What is happy planet index and what are the negatives and positives
Measures life expectancy life satisfaction and ecological footprint
Measures environmental impact which is one of the few
Emphasis on personal happiness
Easy to compare results
Very subjective variables
No data available for 40 countries
Industrial nations disadvantaged with ecological footprint
what is the gini coefficient and what are the positives are negatives
it’s a number between zero and one measuring economic inequality , zero being completely equal society
Regions become more equal
Easy to compare
Some areas poor becoming more well off despite inequality rising
what is multicultural
The existence of multiple cultural conditions in a specific location
What is diasporas
The movement of population away from homeland
What is the timeline of migration into the UK
after World War II 500,000 from Caribbean moved to UK and most settled in London
1960s textile industries booming
1970s gov tightened Visa controls and immigration declined
Next 20 years - net migration was met as people left due to de industrialisation
Late 1990s - economic boom and immigration increased
2004 EU free movement
2010 target to reduce net migration
Now 13% of UK residence born outside UK
what are the positives and negatives of economic migration
overcome labour shortage
Businesses expand
Prepared to do unwanted jobs
Cultural links
Highly skilled
These people are 1st to be unemployed
Perception that they take jobs
Pressure on housing
Racial tension
what are common extremists/right wing groups views
Hostility towards immigration
Lack of tolerance for cultural diversity
Protect national culture and tradition
Immigrants are an economic threat
Anti globalisation
what are the concerns over consumer society
Global meat production has risen 400% in 50 years
290 million tons of plastic produced a year
900 million vehicles
what is fair trade and what are the positives and negatives
Growth market design to ensure higher proportion of the cost of the product goes to those who produce it
Encourages governments to change
Better sign of Development
Challenges of TNCs
Good for farmers
Still a minority
Not active in some regions
Farmers have to belong to a farmers organisation
Pricey food and products
