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Edexcel Geography A Level > Globalisation > Flashcards

Globalisation Flashcards

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1
Q

What is globalisation?

A
  • The process where more global flows are being created; the world is more interconnected
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2
Q

What are global flows? Give an example of a tangible and non tangible flow

A

Connections between countries, can be tangible or non tangible e.g. UK importing gas from Norway (tangible) or listening to American music (non tangible)

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3
Q

Give examples of socio-cultural globalisation

A

Music, films, memes, sports, attitudes, values, religion etc.

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4
Q

Give examples of environmental globalisation

A

Targets for climate change, organisations working together on issues such as climate change, countries working together to help endangered species etc.

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5
Q

Give examples of political globalisation

A

Intergovernmental decisions, war, conflict, foreign aid, trade deals, political ideologies etc.

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6
Q

Give examples of economic globalisation

A

Imports and exports, aid and loans, charity donations, brands and logos, TNCs, tourism etc.

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7
Q

Is globalisation the same in every country?

A

No, types and levels of globalisation vary significantly between countries, some flows increase over time whereas others decrease, overall the world is a more globalised place than the past.

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8
Q

Describe all the steps for chi-squared

A
  • For groups of data, not just two
  • Will find a relationship, not a correlation
  1. Create a resource - a compound bar chart or similar
  2. Develop a bill hypothesis
  3. The data we have is our observed data (O). We need to calculate our expected data (E) for each box. For each box, we calculate by doing row x column/grand total. Do this for each combination of data
  4. Use this equation (O-E)^2/E for each data set
  5. Add up all of the results
  6. Compare this to critical value table - (row - 1) x (column - 1). The answer to this is the degrees of freedom you need to use and then use 0.05 confidence
  7. If lower than critical value - accept null hypothesis
  8. If higher than critical value - reject null hypothesis
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9
Q

Give an example of social globalisation causing economic globalisation

A
  • Starbucks, a foreign company, brings coffee culture to the UK
  • People buy more coffee, more Starbucks open, more global trade
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10
Q

Give an example of economic globalisation causing economic globalisation

A
  • more global jobs lead to better pay, people can afford Starbucks prices, more stores open, leading to coffee culture in the UK.
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11
Q

Why does travel increase globalisation. State 5 points

A
  • Plane travel is more efficient due to technology. More places have airports and you can fly around the world in less than a day at. Planes can also carry nearly 1000 passengers
  • Plane travel is more affordable due to budget airline (planes cost 1/4 of what they did in the 80s) EasyJet have contributed to the growth in tourism in Estonia, they now get 2m visitors a year
  • More global road networks and car ownership. The E40 motorway starts in Calais, France and goes through 7 countries to Kazakhstan. It’s 8000km long.
  • Ships are bigger and more efficient, making trading easier. MSC Irina is the biggest in the world and carry 24000 containers. More British businesses can afford to import, opening up trade to NEEs and LICSs
  • Trains are more connected and faster. The Eurotunnel connects the UK with mainland Europe and it has both a drive on or passenger option. People might open up businesses in other countries.
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12
Q

Why does the development of finance networks accelerate globalisation?

A
  • Stock markets around the world have grown. People from anywhere can buy a share in companies
  • Many countries have their own lists (e.g. UK has FTSE100h) but they are interconnected
  • Currency levels are connected e.g the value of the pound vs the euro
  • Countries work together more often to arrange trade deals and blocs
  • UN helps with economics, such as medication (WHO)
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13
Q

Why has the development of security connections accelerated globalisation?

A
  • Now more aware of global issues and that working together is often more effective at solving the problem
  • Interpol are a global police force, they share info on criminals who may be operating across borders e.g. drug smuggling
  • Many countries have extradition agreements - if a criminal flees the country where they committed the crime, they can be sent back.
  • Countries work together for border control e.g. passport details and visa requirements
  • UN Security Council makes global decisions.
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14
Q

Why has the development of management and IT accelerated globalisation?

A
  • Due to technology, many companies can use global networks for their businesses. Outsourcing to different countries can be cheaper
  • This includes call centres and customer support, e-waste disposal and online services e.g. website design, tutoring
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15
Q

Why has the growth of income and TNCs accelerated globalisation?

A
  • Income levels are growing, especially in MICs such as China and India.
  • Led to more global TNCs setting up in more places due to access to these emerging markets, this creates more capital flows
  • A growth in TNCs from MICs who are beginning to make way in Europe and North America
  • Begins to merge branding and culture e.g. Apple and Mcdonald’s
  • Higher income levels means more opportunity to travel, more global communication technology (phones,internet) owned.
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16
Q

Why has the development and growth of communication accelerated globalisation?

A
  • Phone ownership has increased rapidly. Now 7b globally.
  • From 2004 to 2022, internet use has increased globally from 14% to 65%, in HICs from 46% to 86%, in LICs from 7% to 49%.
  • Online shopping and communities, e.g. eBay, Amazon and social media. Also online gaming such as Minecraft and FIFA.
  • Used for health (e.g. disease warnings) and agriculture (e.g. crop prices)
  • Social media helps spread global culture. 59% of the world have social media accounts.
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17
Q

Why have agencies and NGO’s accelerated globalisation?

A
  • NGOs are non-governmental organisations, they work globally for a range of issues e.g. Greenpeace, Amnesty International and Oxfam
  • They share knowledge, ideas and try to change global attitudes
  • They raise money to use for their causes
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18
Q

Why might have globalisation not increased in some areas and sectors?

A
  • Anything non-tangible is not affected by transport e.g. Films, music etc.
  • Global security has increased in certain countries (HICs) and less so for LICs. Social media (communication) is not possible in all countries
  • War causes less tourism
  • Leaving the EU makes travel difficult
  • Immigration laws make migration difficult.
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19
Q

Give four points about the IMF

A
  • Short termed financial aid
  • Often with ‘strings attached’ e.g. economic reform would open up country to FDI
  • Works with countries in economic crisis
  • Loans expected to be payed back once economy rebounds
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20
Q

Give four points about the World Bank

A
  • Focus is on poverty reduction and long term development
  • Focuses on transport, energy, education etc.
  • Focuses on LICs
  • Longer repayment and often not tied to system changes
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21
Q

What flows do the IMF and World Bank create?

A
  • Money (aid, loans and repayment)
  • Expertise (e.g scientists)
  • Political ideology (changing economic systems, austerity)
  • Flows connected with development (e.g. TNCs, FDI)
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22
Q

Explain having free movement of people in the EU trade bloc

A
  • Allows employees to fill gaps needed, which could increase economic development
  • Schengen area allows unrestricted movement
  • Some none EU countries (Norway and Switzerland) are also part of Schengen in return for free trade
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23
Q

Explain having free trade as being part of the EU

A
  • Creates a single market of 500m people.
  • EU businesses can sell products without any extra tax or restrictions, as they would in their own country
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24
Q

Explain having shared currencies as being part of the EU

A
  • 19 of the 27 EU members use the Euro. Removes cost of money transfer, allowing for cheaper trade between members. Allows direct comparison of costs and prices.
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25
Q

Explain the Erasmics programme as being part of the EU

A
  • Can do a free year of a degree in any other EU country, also volunteering programmes
  • Common Agricultural Policy - Agriculture protected in the EU, gives money to EU farmers.
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26
Q

Give the four factors of the Copenhagen criteria

A
  • Policy - democracy, rule of law, human rights laws
  • Economic - market economy, can cope with increased trade
  • Law - must integrate EU laws e.g. human rights, migration
  • Cooperation - Regional stability (not fighting with neighbours)

Turkey have applied to join the EU but are ‘some way off’

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27
Q

What is tax?

A

Levied by the government on the cost of some goods, services and transactions

28
Q

What is a tariff?

A

A tax imposed by one country on the goods and services imported from another country

29
Q

What is a quota?

A

A limit on the quantity of a particular product which can be imported

30
Q

Briefly explain what the OECD are in four points

A
  • Stands for Organisation for the Economic Cooperation and Development
  • Made up of 37 countries, mainly HICs
  • Mission is to promote policies that will improve the economic and social well being of people around the world
  • Does this by holding a forum where countries learn from each others knowledge to find a solution to common problems
31
Q

Why would a government have free market liberalisation to increase globalisation? Give an example

A
  • To ‘open up’ to the rest of the world for trade and business e.g. in the 1970s, China shifted away from communism to ‘socialist capitalism’, allowing business into the country
32
Q

Why would a government privatise their businesses to increase globalisation? Give an example

A
  • Transferring business from government to non government owned removes burden of cost to state and allows competition
  • However, it can lead to costs increasing and cuts to services
  • An example of a privatised business is the British Rail
33
Q

Why would a government give business startups and subsidies to increase globalisation? Give an example

A
  • Governments offering loans, grants and tax incentives will reduce risk of starting up a business e.g. UK government offer up to £250k loans for startups
34
Q

Why would a government have special economic zones to increase globalisation? Give an example

A
  • Areas with low tax rates and exemption from tariffs, attracts investment e.g. China’s SEZs allow trade without authorisation from the government
35
Q

Why would a country allow FDI to increase globalisation? Give an example

A
  • Capital flows from one country to another to construct physical capital e.g. factories
  • E.g. The UK has approx 1000 FDI projects including Google who have funded £1b in 37 deals
36
Q

Why did China introduce their open door policy in 1978?

A

Realised they need Western technology and advancement for economic development.

37
Q

Why would a TNC establish in a HIC?

A
  • More disposable income
  • Consumerism culture
  • Some industries, such as science and technology, may require skilled workers
  • Reliable e.g. electricity, internet
38
Q

Why would a TNC establish in an MIC?

A
  • Access to internet has allowed more marketing and advertising
  • Often used for manufacturing due to plentiful supply of labour, cheaper wages and a lack of environmental and social laws
  • Skilled workers increasing
  • Glocalise products to work around local culture and laws
39
Q

Why would a TNC establish in an LIC?

A
  • Many TNCs do not sell products here due to low income
  • Culture varies significantly making some products difficult to sell
  • Often used for raw materials such as agricultural goods
  • Some growing industries and manufacturing but requires significant investment
  • Lack of infrastructure such as roads and internet
40
Q

What is meant by the term glocalisation?

A
  • The concept of adapting a global product or brand to fit around local culture, laws, religions, and preferences as well as accessing local ingredients
41
Q

What is a TNC?

A

A company which operates in more than one country

42
Q

What are three positive and negative impacts of the globalisation of McDonald’s?

A
  • Employs 1.7m globally
  • Most outside of the USA are franchises, allowing for ownership
  • Pork is sourced from ‘Freedom Food’ approved farms
  • Environmental issues
  • Increase of obesity and health issues
  • Footage reveals animal cruelty taking place in many farms used by McDonald’s
43
Q

Give three facts about Apple

A
  • HQ in Silicon Valley, CA.
  • Get raw materials from countries like Malaysia and is manufactured in places like China
  • Only have shops in 25 countries around the world (mostly HICs)
44
Q

Why has there been an increase in TNCs?

A
  • Culture has changed e.g. consumerism
  • Communications improved
  • Increase of trade blocs and global groupings
  • Easier transport
45
Q

What does the term ‘connected/switched on’ mean?

A
  • Countries which have the conditions to be globalised and to have increased flows
46
Q

What does the term ‘detached/isolated’ mean?

A
  • Countries with conditions which may be detrimental or a barrier to globalisation
47
Q

What are the nine conditions to be globalised?

A
  1. Physical Geography
  2. Basic infrastructure
  3. Income levels
  4. Social media
  5. Censorship
  6. Number of STEM graduates
  7. Number of airports
  8. Trade agreements
  9. Tax rate
48
Q

Compare China with Gambia in terms of how many international airports they have, percentage of population that have internet connection and percentage of population that are university graduates

A

China vs Gambia
- 270 international airports vs 1 international airport
- 73% have internet connection vs 35% have internet connection
- 26% are university graduates vs 4% are university graduates

49
Q

What are the 3 categories for measuring globalisation using KOF?

A
  • Economic Globalisation - measured using; cross border trade, FDI, tariff rates and money flows
  • Social Globalisation - measured using; international telephone calls, tourist flows, resident foreign population, households with a TV set, global affinity, international mail, import and export of books
  • Political Globalisation - measured using; foreign embassies in a country, number of UN Peacekeeping missions participated in, trade and other agreements with other countries
50
Q

What have KOF been criticised for?

A
  • Not considering internal trade, means large countries like the USA seem less globalised
  • Use outdated indicators (like mail)
  • Has also been accused of cultural bias (presence of certain TNCs like McDonald’s)
51
Q

What are the four main categories of measuring globalisation with AT Kearney?

A
  • Economic - amount of trade, value of trade (internal trade), amount of FDI
  • Personal - telephone traffic, travel, personal money transfers
  • Technological - Internet users, hosts and servers
  • Political - Influence in organisations, peacekeeping contributions, treaties
52
Q

What could you look at to see if a country has gotten better over time or not?

A

GDP, life expectancy, income levels, education levels, happiness, freedoms, peace, inequality

53
Q

What are the five main global changes?

A
  1. Deindustrialisation/ global shift - aided by factors such as transport and growth of internet
  2. TNC growth and spread
  3. More political groupings
  4. Spread of global culture
  5. Increasing migration
54
Q

What is deindustrialisation?

A

The process of reducing industrial jobs in your country, normally by tertiary and quaternery jobs

55
Q

What is the global shift?

A

The process of industry relocating from the West to MICs/NEEs

56
Q

Why has manufacturing moved to China abundantly?

A
  • Access to abundant workforce
  • Relaxed government interference
  • Investment into SEZs which encourage FDI
57
Q

Why have Western countries outsourced a lot of their services to India?

A
  • English speaking
  • Cities like Bangladesh have high quality internet
  • Typically paid less
58
Q

What are the cons of deindustrialisation in the UK?

A
  • Most people who manufactered lost their jobs and they had skills shortages in the 90s and 80s, left whole towns unemployed in some cases.
  • Dereliction - abandoned buildings became a hotspot for crime and ruined aesthetic
  • The UK had to spend lots of money to regenerate areas
  • UK left vulnerable as they depend on other countries for their products
  • Hulme is an example
  • Depopulation - people moved out of areas to find jobs - created a cycle of deprivation
  • Added to North/South divide as most industry was in the North.
59
Q

Give three social benefits of globalisation

A
  • Globalisation helps reduce social inequalities such as gender and LGBTQ rights by work of NGOs and government pressure e.g. more workers in STEM
  • Globalisation helps spread global norms of education. China rose by 8.4%
  • Global groupings helping to fight disease e.g. UN efforts
60
Q

Give three economic benefits of globalisation

A
  • In China, average household income has doubled, fuelled by FDI and manufactering shift
  • Waged work replaces informal economy in places like China
  • Disposable income increases in most HICs due to better paying tertiary and quaternary jobs
61
Q

Give three environmental costs of globalisation

A
  • Use of GFC gases have destroyed ozone. However, will return back to normal by 2050
  • Biodiversity loss in Zimbabwe due to demand for Rare Earth Elements which caused deforestation
  • Growth of industry has caused pollution in MICs
62
Q

Give three social costs of globalisation

A
  • Western China has not seen any benefits, Shanghai’s economy= Portugal’s economy and Guizhou’s economy= Nepal’s economy
  • Unregulated profiteering by TNCs, led to property prices increase and energy bills increase. More households struggle
  • People exploited by TNCs e.g. Rana Complex, used by Primark and Walmart collapsed in 2015 killing 1000
63
Q

What is Westernisation?

A

Process of countries adopting or changing their societies to what is considered a more European way of life.

64
Q

What are the 6 ways countries have been Westernised and explain.

A
  1. Food Culture - 1300 Maccies in China - obesity - loss of local traditional foods. More meat consumption=more environmental damage
  2. Democracy and Politics - Countries have adopted similar democratic processes, China resists Western pressure
  3. Education - English is taught in most school, lead to propaganda and culture loss. Over 50% of global languages are expected to die out by 2100
  4. Global trade and consumerism - Free trade pushed - benefits powers and TNCs - inequality. Encouraged by TNCs
  5. Migration - Westernisation promotes idea of unlimited opportunity - Brain Drain or isolated rural communities integrate into cities
  6. Norms and Values - Promote equality e.g. laws and policies promoting inclusion. Growth of Paralympics and LGBTQ and Women’s Rights acceptance
65
Q

What 3 countries have resisted Westernisation and why?

A
  1. North Korea - politically isolate themselves (minimising trade and global politics), due to dangers of capitalism e.g. exploitation. Could be to maintain a dictatorship
  2. China - ‘Great Firewall’, blocking of most Western social media sites
  3. France - Attempts to preserve culture and language. Government officials attempt to ban English words creeping in to French language, radio stations have to play a minimum percentage of French songs. Banned any face coverings in public, affected those wearing Burqas, to ‘preserve secularism and reduce security risks’

Edexcel Geography A Level (2 decks)

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