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Geography Paper 2 > Globalisation > Flashcards

Globalisation Flashcards

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1
Q

Define globalisation

A

Globalisation is the increasing interconnectedness between countries. People, information, culture and money can move more easily between countries with fewer barriers.

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2
Q

What is a TNc?

A

A TNC is defined as a Transnational Corporation - companies that operate in multiple countries

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3
Q

Where are tncs headquarters located and why?

A

Inc headwaters are generally located in the country of origin because that’s where most profit will return to, and where most of the top management is located.

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4
Q

Where are tnc research and development facilities usually located?

A

They ore often in developed countries that have a skilled workforce and high level of technology

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5
Q

What is Glocalisation?

A

Glocalisation refers to products that are distributed globally, but are adjusted to accommodate consumers in local markets.

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6
Q

What are the pros of tncs

A

Jobs created in now income countries, raised living standards, cheaper products, infrastructure built

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7
Q

What are the cons of TNC

A

Environmental suffering like oil spills, exploitation of workers rights, minimum wage violations

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8
Q

What are the 4 TNC case studies?

A

Apple, Coca-Cola, Tesco, shell

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9
Q

What’s economic globalisation

A

Economic globalisation is growth in world trade, TNCs becoming more present globally.

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10
Q

What’s cultural globalisation

A

The spread of culture through global news and tourism

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11
Q

What’s political globalisation

A

The spread of governmental influence between countries, western democracies dominate decision making

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12
Q

What’s demographic globalisation

A

Increased mixing and migrating of populations

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13
Q

What’s environmental globalisation

A

Increased prevalence of problems like climate change, they become more widespread

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14
Q

What are the three aspects of globalisation?

A

Lengthening connections, deepening connections and faster connections

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15
Q

What is deepening connections?

A

More people can connect with faraway places, through tourism, foreign food, TNCs

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16
Q

What’s lengthening connections?

A

Introducing new links between countries that are far apart

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17
Q

How have connections been lengthened?

A

Aviation- long haul flights
Containerisation - standardised shipping unit to trade lots of goods

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18
Q

How have connections been made faster?

A

Fast internet, social media, WhatsApp, zoom calls

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19
Q

What’s the shrinking world conecept

A

Physical distance between places has remained the same, but technology has allowed time to be reduced. So the shrinking world is the idea that there has been space-time compression.

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20
Q

Who invented containerisation

A

Malcom McLean

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21
Q

How has containerisation increased globalisation

A

Increases the scale of transport, and provides a standardised unit. So goods can be traded between countries at a faster rate.

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22
Q

How has ICT development increased globalisation?

A

Businesses around the globe can connect instantly through phone calls, emails and texts

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23
Q

How have global organisations increased globalisation?

A

They encourage global trade and provide loans for LICs

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24
Q

How has improved air transport increased globalisation?

A

Allows for more people to travel through budget airlines like easyJet, so culture can be shared easily between countries and tourism can thrive

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25
Q

How have trading blocs increased globalisation?

A

They have improved relationships between countries and encouraged free trade. They remove barriers for brands to grow and trade freely.

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26
Q

What is FDI?

A

Foreign direct investment - when one country invests in another, can be through finance, education or infrastructure.

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27
Q

What are IGOs?

A

Intergovernmental organisations- organisations created by global powers to make decisions about the economy or environment. For example, the World Bank, WTO and IMF.

28
Q

What is offshoring?

A

When a TNC moves part of its production to another country to save money on labour and land

29
Q

What’s outsourcing?

A

Other countries are given contracts to complete parts of production

30
Q

What are barriers of trade?

A

Laws and regulations that discourage trade and encourage protectionalism

31
Q

What’s a tariff?

A

Taxes placed on imported goods

32
Q

What are quotas?

A

Limits placed on the number of goods that can be imported from different countries.

33
Q

Whats embargo?

A

Bans on goods being imported

34
Q

What’s a trade bloc?

A

A group of countries that group together to improve economic interests and trading patterns. They ensure that it is more expense to import goods, so customers buy from trade blocs.

35
Q

What are the advantages of trade blocs?

A

Create a bigger market to sell to
More efficient production, so there are more goods to sell

36
Q

What is the main disadvantage of trading blocs?

A

Countries lose independence and become interdependent on other countries within their trading blocs

37
Q

What are examples of trading blocs?

A

EU, NAFTA, ASEAN

38
Q

When was the EU formed?

A

1993

39
Q

When was ASEAN formed?

A

1967

40
Q

Who are the world’s top 3 biggest exporters?

A

China, USA and Germany

41
Q

What’s an SEZ?

A

Special Economic Zone - an area that has different economic regulations, like reduced taxes, to encourage foreign investments

42
Q

What is evidence of Chinas Open door policy?

A

TNCs are able to invest in some Chinese sectors
FDI from china is over 1 billion dollars in the last ten years

43
Q

What is evidence of china being closed door?

A

Only 34 foreign films allowed to be shown yearly
Google and Facebook have limited access to chinas market
TNCs have strict controls

44
Q

How can countries attract FDI?

A

Cheap/free land, job opportunities, worker training, improved internet, guaranteed electricity/clean water, low taxes, relaxed environmental regulations, access to raw materials

45
Q

What are the two globalisation indexes?

A

KOF index, AT Kearney index

46
Q

What are the indicators in the KOF index?

A

Economic, social, political

47
Q

What are the indicators for the AT Kearney index?

A

Economic, personal, technological, political

48
Q

What are some characteristics of a switched on country?

A

Wealth, TNCs, political stability, large coastline, educated population, natural resources

49
Q

What are some characteristics of a switched off country?

A

political instability, landlocked, poor healthcare, natural disasters, colonialism, lack of transport links

50
Q

Is the Gambia considered switched on or off?

A

Off

51
Q

What social factors cause Gambia to be switched off?

A
  • 40% literacy rate
    -75% rely on primary sector
    -160th highest HDI
52
Q

What environmental factors cause the Gambia to be switched off?

A

Very small coastline, no natural resource deposits, small country

53
Q

What economic factors cause the Gambia to be switched off?

A

Reliant on international aid, money generated by TNCs doesn’t stay in the country

54
Q

What political factors cause the Gambia to be switched off?

A

Only gained independence from the UK in 1965

55
Q

Is India switched on or off and what evidence is there?

A

switched on - contributed 16% to economic growth globally in 2023, good international connections

56
Q

Is the Sahel region switched on or off?

A

Switched off

57
Q

What causes the Sahel to be switched off?

A

all countries are landlocked, all are low GDI, high levels of corruption, harsh desert climate

58
Q

Is North Korea switched on or off?

A

Off- it’s a one party system that is politically isolated, no internet access

59
Q

Is singapore switched on or off?

A

On

60
Q

What causes singapore to be switched on?

A

High GDP growth, technology attracts TNCs and FDI

61
Q

What is the global shift?

A

The movement of manufacturing work from Europe and USA towards the east (Asia)

62
Q

What factors lead to the global shift?

A

trade liberalisation, looser environmental restrictions, cheaper land, cheap labour (less worker rights), SEZ

63
Q

Is China a winner or loser of global shift? why?

A

Winner- has caused many benefits like infrastructure, reduction in poverty, better education

64
Q

What are the costs of global shift in China?

A

Loss of farmland, exploitation of resources, loss of biodiversity, pollution

65
Q

How does Coca Cola negatively affect the countries it’s located in?

A

-In India, there has been an increase in pollution since Coca Cola was in the country
-Working conditions are harsh, with minimum wage violations and few workers rights

66
Q

How has Coca Cola positively affected the countries it’s in?

A

-provides training and education schemes
-in Vietnam, 4000 women were given training and merchandise to begin selling Coca Cola
-community schemes set up in Africa
-jobs created directly and indirectly

Geography Paper 2 (4 decks)

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