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geography human a level > globalisation > Flashcards

globalisation Flashcards

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1
Q

globalisation

A

increasing interdependence between countries through flows of capita, goods and services as well as culture and ideas

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2
Q

containerisation

A

developed by Malcom mclean, means that goods can be transferred off and on lorries/ships quickly

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3
Q

advantages of jet craft

A

in 1914 took 40 days to reach Australia , now takes 1.5 days

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4
Q

advantages of computer technology

A

places more interconnected and communication better, better knowledge due to internet

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5
Q

social networking

A

allows for spread of cultures, ideology and opportunities for migration and tourism. Facebook had 1.5 billion users in 2015

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6
Q

dates for railways

A

railway - 1804, internation railway - 1843

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7
Q

first steam ship

A

1787

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8
Q

what is the Digital economy

A

introduced in 1995 aided by development of internet (1990) focus was to reshape businesses by computing networks and the sales of goods through the internet

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9
Q

disadvantages of Digital economy

A

traditional retailers (e.g. Woolworths) couldn’t complete due to companies such as amazon

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10
Q

advantages of digitial economy

A

small businesses have assess to global business trade due to websites

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11
Q

world banks contribution to globalisation

A

provides loans to help rebuild economies and alleviation poverty, its loans have low interests loans, grants and technical assistant to developing countries

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12
Q

what does the world bank aim to reduce

A

number of people in poverty so only 3% of worlds population is living on less than $1.25 a day by 2030

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13
Q

world trade organisation contribution to globalisation

A

reduce tariffs to allow the standardisation of products, reduction of trade barriers and the elimination of preferences, established in 1995

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14
Q

the International Monetary Fund contribution to globalisation

A

role is to help governments balance payments when suffering from economic difficulties, gives loans to member countries

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15
Q

privatisation

A

transferring ownership of businesses from public to private sector, could compromise quality of services, but makes more money for government

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16
Q

liberalisation

A

reduce and remove rules restricting economic activity and companies, governments do this as they believe that rules make businesses inefficient and reduce motivation

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17
Q

privatisation and liberalisation in the uk

A

target thatcher started a program of deregulation and privatisation after general election of 1979, including British telecom and British Gas

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18
Q

what is a trade bloc

A

type of intergovernmental agreement where barriers in a world region are reduced or eliminated among participating states. can e stand along agreements between serval states or part of a regional bloc

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19
Q

advantages of trade bloc - protection

A

-protection from foreign competitors and political stability for example in 2007 the EU blocked £50 million of Chinese made clothes entering uk as annual quota had been reached, this was to limit import of cheap goods to protect domestic manufacturers

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20
Q

advantages of trade bloc - bigger markets

A

bigger markets but no extra taxes, for example the uk has a population of 65 million and the EU has population of 508 million. uk companies like Tesco have benefited by expanding into EU countries and b sourcing goods at best price within 28 member states

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21
Q

disadvantage of trade blocs -inderpendance

A

due to trade blocs increasing trade amount participating countries the countries become increasingly dependant on each other, and a disruption of trade can have severe consequences for economies of all participating countries

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22
Q

disadvantage of trade blocs - loss of

A

loss of sovereignty (supreme power or authority) for example the EU deals not only with trade but with issues such as human rights, consumer protection, greenhouse gases and other issues marginally related to trade.

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23
Q

what is an special economic zone

A

area of land set aside by governments in locations well placed for international trade. companies can import raw materials and export finished products without incurring common domestic taxes

24
Q

KOF globalisation index

A

created In 2002 it measures extent which countries are economically, socially and politically linked to others, the more globalised a country is the more links it will have

25
Q

AT kearny

A

this produces a global cities index which uses measures of business activity, human capital, information and culture exchange to rank cities

26
Q

IMF annual reports on exchange arrangements and exchange restrictions

A

records the existence of restrictions to trade to different countries, means that countries with more restrictions are more globalised

27
Q

role of TNC in globalisation

A

TNCs are companies operating ​across multiple countries ​These companies usually work by having their headquarters, production, and sales all in ​different countries across the globe​, meaning they are a crucial aspect of globalisation.

28
Q

globalisation and development of new markets

A

marketing technique for TNC to combind cultural respect and self as well as regulatory or design restrictions e.g. side of steering wheel

29
Q

environmental reasons for switched of places (North Korea) (2)

A

distance from market
lack of energy and mineral deposits

30
Q

political reasons for switched of places (North Korea) (3)

A

corruption
weak commitments for devoplement
civil or tribal conflict

31
Q

economic reasons for switched of places (North Korea) (3)

A

high levels of government debt
poor transport or telecommunication
weak education of workforce

32
Q

what is global shift

A

changing location of products

33
Q

agglomeration

A

locating near each other (e.g. car parts)

34
Q

footloose

A

locating away from each other - can make specific parts in cheaper places

35
Q

global shift to Asia

A

cheap labour, cheap costs, less regulations

36
Q

benefits of outsourcing

A

workers receive wages increasing disposable income

37
Q

negatives of outsourcing

A

many workers still be exploited, bigger inequality between rich and poor

38
Q

water in china

A

corruption means that strict environmental regulations are often overlooked and 60% of water is polluted

39
Q

problems with deindustrialisation in denvolped countries

A

employment struggles (those with 2nd skills can’t get Jobs in 3rd and high tech)
high crime rates
deralice buildings

40
Q

pull factors of rural to urban migration (3)

A
  • Fram jobs harder to find due to new machinery
  • young people see farming as hard work and low pay
    -eduaction and health standards
41
Q

pull factors of rural to urban migration (3)

A

-better job prospects in cities
- better facilities
-quality of lives improved

42
Q

informal economy

A

due to high unemployment many work in informal industries

43
Q

migration benefits for source country (3)

A
  • reduced pressure in well fair spending
    -send money back to economy
    -returning migrants bring professional, social and political experience
44
Q

migrations cost for source country (3)

A
  • skill shortage
    -demographic imbalance
    -depoipulasation
45
Q

migration benefit for host country (3)

A
  • filling skill shortage
  • contribute to economy
  • more tax paying workers
46
Q

migration cost for host country (2)

A
  • need for extra school and health service places (130,000 new primary school places needed)
    -pressure on rented sector
47
Q

cultural diffusion

A

Communities being exposed suddenly to a new culture can face ​sudden change or reduction​ to their own culture. Young people are especially vulnerable

48
Q

what has globalisation meant for disadvantaged groups

A

more opitunities due to new global culture, attitudes have developed to prevent discrimination. for example race relative;ations act of 1948 created rights for all races

49
Q

hyper globalists

A

globalisation is successful process, and culturally will become more integrated as economies become more integrated, work will move towards homologous culture

50
Q

transformalist

A

cultures are dymamic in response to globalisation, all cultures will change but in different ways and new hybrid cultures may evolve

51
Q

sceptics

A

globalisation is profound in core capital economies and reflects interdependence, beyond this core there is marginalisation not destruction of poorer groups (western dominance reduced)

52
Q

gini coefficient

A

number between 0 and 1 that measures degree of inequality in distribution of wealth or income. 0 = each member of society received sam amount, 1 = one person has everything

53
Q

concerns about consumer society

A

an increasing middle class and rise in population has led to changing consumer patterns.

54
Q

rise in localism

A

the reduction of globally sourced goods instead purchasing locally-sourced, sustainable products to protect the environment and vulnerable individuals.

55
Q

fair trade and ethical consumption

A

aims to secure ​better pay to producers and growers​ and includes coffee, cocoa and bananas. The Fairtrade certification provides ​consumer confidence​ that suppliers are being paid a fair price for what they produce.

56
Q

recycling

A

EU countries aim to recycle half of waste by 2020, so less environmental costs

geography human a level (2 decks)

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