Globalisation Flashcards
How has transport contributed to globalization?
improved aviation and containerization = $6.4 trillion air cargo in 2012
How has technology contributed to globalization?
Napster influenced growth of e-commerce = 150m worldwide internet users
Pros and cons of World Bank
+ lends £ for development
- invests in fossil fuels
Pros and cons of IMF
+ bails countries like Greece
- imposes strict regulations like cutting back spending on healthcare
Pros and cons of WTO
+ helps resolve trade disputes
- failed to subsidize richer countries like the UK
EU contribution to globalization
free trade + movement of people
ASEAN contribution to globalization
creating peace: not creating nuclear weapons
China’s Open Door Policy
by 1990s: 50% of China’s GDP were generated in SEZ’s
UK’s Sunday Trading Law
attracted TNCs and FDIs to invest into country
Ways of measuring globalization
AT Kearney + KOF Index
AT Kearney
12 indicators across:
- economic integration
- technological connectivity
- political engagement
- personal contact
KOF Index
24 indicators across:
- social globalization
- economic globalization
- political globalization
KOF Index con
bias: Ireland on top as FDI is a large % of economic globalization
AT Kearney (and KOF Index) con
who decides which indicator is most important?
TNCs cons in Nigeria
- Ogale community of 40 000 - majority are fishermen - Shell oil spillages pollute waters = damaging fishing industry
- 3-inch refined oil floating on water = damaging water supply = threatening health
Glocalisation examples
- Halal meat in Dubai by McDonald’s
- MTV - appropriate for countries with strong faiths in East Asia
Outsourcing
getting a different company to produce a piece of your product for you
Off-shoring
having a factory in a different country
TNCs general cons
- exploiting workers
- low pay
- bad working environment - unsafe conditions
- long hours of work
How is DRC switched off?
- physical/ environment: rich in gold and copper - unable to use due to lack of technology
- political: corrupt leader Mobutu - dictatorship - authoritarian
- economic: leader keeps all income = productivity + economy levels decrease
Global shift impact on HICs (Redcar)
- deindustrialization
- job losses
- minimum wage jobs
- brownfield land
Global shift in India in what?
call centre = increase in service sector as TNCs invest by off-shoring software development + by outsourcing R&D innovation centres for firms like Google + Microsoft
Global shift in China in what?
factories
Pros and cons of global shift to India
+ life expectancy 38 to 68
+ TNCs develop skills
- increased inequality (Gini Coefficient) - Dharavi = 1 toilet for 1000
Pros and cons of global shift to China
+ poverty rate decrease from 84% to 10%
+ infrastructure investment - rail systems
- air pollution kills 1.6m a year
- 390m use contaminated water a year
- overexploitation of resources = wiped out Ecuador Amazonian Forest
Pros and cons of migration from India to UAE to the host
host = UAE
+ larger workforce = increased economic growth
- remittances leak out of UAE economy
Pros and cons of migration from India to UAE to the source
source = India
+ Kerala is biggest benefactor of remittances - 60% out of $80b in 2018
- Kefala system = trapping women in deplorable conditions
- suicide rates: in 2019, nearly 34 000 recorded since 2014
Pros and cons of migration from Russian oligarchs to London to the host
host = London
+ Russian spend on luxury goods
- house prices increasing = locals outbought
Pros and (cons) of migration from Russian oligarchs to London to the source
source = Russia
+ Russian investment into stock market = £260b on London stock exchange from 28 Russian firms in London
Cause of growth of megacities
- push-pull factors
- natural increase
Impacts of growing megacities
Mumbai
- continuing growth of squatter settlement
- pressure on housing and healthcare - resources
- pushing cities to green land and outskirts of cities = losing green environment
to urbanization
Cultural diffusion costs
tribes in Papa New Guinea:
- wanting better lives like the West so they hunt and kill endangered species to sell to make income
- loss of the Welsh language
- China meat consumption - 5kg to 63kg per capita annually from the 1960s to now - meat production is 60% of all food production which contributes to greenhouse gases
Cultural diffusion opportunities
- LGBTQ+ accepted
- Paralympics
- men and women equal rights - women in education
Cultural diffusion political tension
- China/ South Korea censorship
- French Islamaphobia - banning burka
- rise of extremist views
Ways to measure development
economic: - GDP - gross domestic product - GNI - gross national income social: - HDI - human development index - GII - gender inequality index environment: - air pollution
Gini Coefficient
measure of area between Lorenz curve and line of absolute equality
Gini coefficient examples
Poland 0.2
Brazil over 0.6
Limiting globalisation
- censorship
- migration control
- trade protectionism
Censorship example
China:
- lying about air quality
- banning apps like Facebook
Migration control examples
- Australia’s point-based system
- Trump wall between Mexico and USA
Trade protectionism example
India has 13.8% - highest among other large economies
Retaining cultural identity
First Nations:
- Jumbo Wild: 90% residents opposed – home to sacred spirit
- Fracking: water issues = threaten fish supply
- Bakken Project in Alberta: oil sands and shale mining
Diasporas
- Filipinos and Indians majorly in the service sector of the NHS
- Bangladeshi in London: contributes to economy - culture, businesses, food
Transition towns
use bottom-up initiatives and prioritize local sourcing rather than global sourcing
Define bottom-up initiatives
locals making decisions
Con of transition towns
- works for people with high income as local sourcing is more expensive
- works only small scale
Fairtrade
- higher income for farmers
- decreased pesticide by 80%
Recycling
less waste in landfill
‘Keep Britain Tidy’
decreases wastage + changes locals attitudes
