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Geography A-Level > Globalisation > Flashcards

Globalisation Flashcards

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1
Q

How has transport contributed to globalization?

A

improved aviation and containerization = $6.4 trillion air cargo in 2012

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2
Q

How has technology contributed to globalization?

A

Napster influenced growth of e-commerce = 150m worldwide internet users

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3
Q

Pros and cons of World Bank

A

+ lends £ for development

- invests in fossil fuels

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4
Q

Pros and cons of IMF

A

+ bails countries like Greece

- imposes strict regulations like cutting back spending on healthcare

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5
Q

Pros and cons of WTO

A

+ helps resolve trade disputes

- failed to subsidize richer countries like the UK

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6
Q

EU contribution to globalization

A

free trade + movement of people

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7
Q

ASEAN contribution to globalization

A

creating peace: not creating nuclear weapons

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8
Q

China’s Open Door Policy

A

by 1990s: 50% of China’s GDP were generated in SEZ’s

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9
Q

UK’s Sunday Trading Law

A

attracted TNCs and FDIs to invest into country

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10
Q

Ways of measuring globalization

A

AT Kearney + KOF Index

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11
Q

AT Kearney

A

12 indicators across:

  • economic integration
  • technological connectivity
  • political engagement
  • personal contact
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12
Q

KOF Index

A

24 indicators across:

  • social globalization
  • economic globalization
  • political globalization
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13
Q

KOF Index con

A

bias: Ireland on top as FDI is a large % of economic globalization

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14
Q

AT Kearney (and KOF Index) con

A

who decides which indicator is most important?

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15
Q

TNCs cons in Nigeria

A
  • Ogale community of 40 000 - majority are fishermen - Shell oil spillages pollute waters = damaging fishing industry
  • 3-inch refined oil floating on water = damaging water supply = threatening health
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16
Q

Glocalisation examples

A
  • Halal meat in Dubai by McDonald’s

- MTV - appropriate for countries with strong faiths in East Asia

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17
Q

Outsourcing

A

getting a different company to produce a piece of your product for you

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18
Q

Off-shoring

A

having a factory in a different country

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19
Q

TNCs general cons

A
  • exploiting workers
  • low pay
  • bad working environment - unsafe conditions
  • long hours of work
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20
Q

How is DRC switched off?

A
  • physical/ environment: rich in gold and copper - unable to use due to lack of technology
  • political: corrupt leader Mobutu - dictatorship - authoritarian
  • economic: leader keeps all income = productivity + economy levels decrease
21
Q

Global shift impact on HICs (Redcar)

A
  • deindustrialization
  • job losses
  • minimum wage jobs
  • brownfield land
22
Q

Global shift in India in what?

A

call centre = increase in service sector as TNCs invest by off-shoring software development + by outsourcing R&D innovation centres for firms like Google + Microsoft

23
Q

Global shift in China in what?

A

factories

24
Q

Pros and cons of global shift to India

A

+ life expectancy 38 to 68
+ TNCs develop skills
- increased inequality (Gini Coefficient) - Dharavi = 1 toilet for 1000

25
Q

Pros and cons of global shift to China

A

+ poverty rate decrease from 84% to 10%
+ infrastructure investment - rail systems
- air pollution kills 1.6m a year
- 390m use contaminated water a year
- overexploitation of resources = wiped out Ecuador Amazonian Forest

26
Q

Pros and cons of migration from India to UAE to the host

A

host = UAE
+ larger workforce = increased economic growth
- remittances leak out of UAE economy

27
Q

Pros and cons of migration from India to UAE to the source

A

source = India
+ Kerala is biggest benefactor of remittances - 60% out of $80b in 2018
- Kefala system = trapping women in deplorable conditions
- suicide rates: in 2019, nearly 34 000 recorded since 2014

28
Q

Pros and cons of migration from Russian oligarchs to London to the host

A

host = London
+ Russian spend on luxury goods
- house prices increasing = locals outbought

29
Q

Pros and (cons) of migration from Russian oligarchs to London to the source

A

source = Russia

+ Russian investment into stock market = £260b on London stock exchange from 28 Russian firms in London

30
Q

Cause of growth of megacities

A
  • push-pull factors

- natural increase

31
Q

Impacts of growing megacities

A

Mumbai
- continuing growth of squatter settlement
- pressure on housing and healthcare - resources
- pushing cities to green land and outskirts of cities = losing green environment
to urbanization

32
Q

Cultural diffusion costs

A

tribes in Papa New Guinea:

  • wanting better lives like the West so they hunt and kill endangered species to sell to make income
  • loss of the Welsh language
  • China meat consumption - 5kg to 63kg per capita annually from the 1960s to now - meat production is 60% of all food production which contributes to greenhouse gases
33
Q

Cultural diffusion opportunities

A
  • LGBTQ+ accepted
  • Paralympics
  • men and women equal rights - women in education
34
Q

Cultural diffusion political tension

A
  • China/ South Korea censorship
  • French Islamaphobia - banning burka
  • rise of extremist views
35
Q

Ways to measure development

A 
economic:
- GDP - gross domestic product 
- GNI - gross national income 
social:
- HDI - human development index 
- GII - gender inequality index 
environment:
- air pollution
36
Q

Gini Coefficient

A

measure of area between Lorenz curve and line of absolute equality

37
Q

Gini coefficient examples

A

Poland 0.2

Brazil over 0.6

38
Q

Limiting globalisation

A
  • censorship
  • migration control
  • trade protectionism
39
Q

Censorship example

A

China:

  • lying about air quality
  • banning apps like Facebook
40
Q

Migration control examples

A
  • Australia’s point-based system

- Trump wall between Mexico and USA

41
Q

Trade protectionism example

A

India has 13.8% - highest among other large economies

42
Q

Retaining cultural identity

A

First Nations:

  • Jumbo Wild: 90% residents opposed – home to sacred spirit
  • Fracking: water issues = threaten fish supply
  • Bakken Project in Alberta: oil sands and shale mining
43
Q

Diasporas

A
  • Filipinos and Indians majorly in the service sector of the NHS
  • Bangladeshi in London: contributes to economy - culture, businesses, food
44
Q

Transition towns

A

use bottom-up initiatives and prioritize local sourcing rather than global sourcing

45
Q

Define bottom-up initiatives

A

locals making decisions

46
Q

Con of transition towns

A
  • works for people with high income as local sourcing is more expensive
  • works only small scale
47
Q

Fairtrade

A
  • higher income for farmers

- decreased pesticide by 80%

48
Q

Recycling

A

less waste in landfill

49
Q

‘Keep Britain Tidy’

A

decreases wastage + changes locals attitudes

Geography A-Level (4 decks)

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