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Full geog > Global Tourism (KQ2) > Flashcards

Global Tourism (KQ2) Flashcards

1
Q

What is mass tourism?

A
  • travel that involves large numbers of tourists visiting a particular place
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2
Q

What is included in a packaged holiday?

A
  • arranged tours by travel agents
  • transportation, accommodation, meals provided
  • knowledgeable guides
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3
Q

What is niche tourism?

A
  • special-interest tourism based on a particular area, interest or activity
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4
Q

How is niche tourism carried out?

A
  • independent travellers or combined with package tours
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5
Q

What activities do niche tourism include?

A
  • whale-watching
  • whitewater rafting
  • paragliding
  • bungee jumping
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6
Q

What is ecotourism?

A
  • form of niche tourism
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7
Q

How does ecotourism benefit the areas travelled to?

A
  • responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment & improves the well-being of local people
  • better appreciation of nature and biodiversity
  • funds for ecological conservation
  • fosters respect for different cultures and lifestyles
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8
Q

Where to people visit for ecotourism?

A
  • visits to national parks & nature reserves
  • e.g. waitomo caves, New Zealand
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9
Q

What are some reasons for the growth of tourism?

A
  • developments in technology
  • demand factors
  • destination factors
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10
Q

What is meant by developments in technology in tourism?

A
  • better & more affordable transport
  • more air routes & agreements (not in syllabus)
  • ease of access to information
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11
Q

How does better & affordable transport increase demand for tourism? (Better)

A
  • greater safety
  • shorter travelling time
  • developments to commercial aircraft’s since the 1950s
  • Singapore to London (from 4 days to 14 hours)
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12
Q

How else does better and more affordable transport increase demand for tourism? (Affordability)

A
  • lower travelling costs
  • affordability: budget airlines
  • low fares + rapid expansion within Europe, the americas and SEA
  • greater fuel efficiency + online ticket sales = cheaper airfare
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13
Q

How has ease of access of information aided the growth of tourism?

A
  • allows travellers to buy their own tickets without having to go to a travel agent
  • allows travellers to research tourist destinations by themselves
  • better access to useful information
  • e.g. places to visit, social etiquette, transport timetables
  • allows travellers to view travel feedback and reviews
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14
Q

What are some demand factors that caused a growth in tourism?

A
  • disposable income
  • changing lifestyle
  • leisure time
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15
Q

What is disposable income?

A
  • amount of income an individual has left for saving and spending after taxes have been paid
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16
Q

How has disposable income caused a growth in tourism?

A
  • global rapid economic growth
  • greater expenditure on travelling
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17
Q

What countries have experienced rapid economic growth?

A
  • China
  • India
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18
Q

What is leisure time?

A
  • time when people are free from work responsibilities and commitments
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19
Q

What does leisure time mean for middle to high income groups?

A
  • comes in the form of paid leave
  • with more income and paid leave, people are more inclined to travel
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20
Q

What changed in the 1950s that caused people to travel more?

A
  • shorter working weeks
  • more holidays
  • more paid leave
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21
Q

How have shorter work weeks and more holidays and more paid leave impacted tourism?

A
  • increased availability of leisure time allows more people to travel
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22
Q

What are some examples of leisure time from work in different countries?

A
  • overtime work exchanged for leave in Australia
  • increase in additional breaks and extended weekends in Canada
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23
Q

What does changing lifestyle refer to?

A
  • a change in the way people live throughout their lifetime and from generation to generation
24
Q

What is today’s pace of life like?

A
  • much faster
25
Q

What has the faster pace of life caused?

A
  • people in the workforce finding themselves spending long hours at work beyond official working hours
  • thus travelling is a way for people to relax and take a break from work (escapism)
26
Q

What percentage of tourist travel is for leisure?

A
  • 51%
27
Q

What have advancements in medicine and knowledge done for leisure tourism?

A
  • people are more health conscious
  • they lead healthier lifestyles
  • this causes people to live longer
  • they are more physically fit to travel frequently
28
Q

Who travels more nowadays due to advancements in medicine and knowledge?

A
  • (healthier) retirees
29
Q

What are some examples of retirees being major contributors to tourism?

A
  • Caribbean and Mediterranean cruises
  • grey nomads (Australian outback)
  • grey nomads spend a lot of time travelling in mobile homes or vehicles
  • to explore remote parts of the country
30
Q

What are the destination factors that have resulted in the growth of tourism?

A
  • attractions
  • infrastructure and services
  • access to information
31
Q

What are attractions?

A
  • some are natural
  • others are built
  • places of scenic beauty are natural attractions
  • medical services, educational facilities and theme parks are built attractions
32
Q

What may happen to a country without built attractions?

A
  • theme park tourists are less likely to visit
33
Q

What is one example of a country with built attractions?

A
  • Dubai, United Arab Emirates
  • received more than 15 million travellers in 2017
  • tourists mainly visit Dubai for shopping, business and entertainment
  • draws millions of visitors with its retail and luxury outlets, MICE facilities, luxury hotels and large scale architecture
  • Dubai is known for the Burj al Arab, a seven star luxury hotel and the palm
34
Q

What falls under the category of infrastructure?

A
  • transport
  • accommodation
35
Q

What is meant by transport as a destination factor?

A
  • airport expansion & development
36
Q

What is an example of an airport that has undergone airport expansion & development

A
  • Singapore Changi Airport
37
Q

What has been the result of Singapore’s airport expansion and development?

A
  • 73-85 million passengers/year
38
Q

What is meant by accommodation as a destination factor?

A
  • wide variety of accommodation to cater to different tourist budgets
39
Q

What is meant by services as a destination factor?

A
  • food outlets
  • entertainment
  • telecommunication networks
  • e.g. wifi in hotel rooms/lobbies/cafes
  • trained personnel
  • e.g. hotel managers, restaurateurs, guides, drivers, porters, cleaners
40
Q

What falls under the category of access to information?

A
  • easy access to travel related info
  • e.g. transport routes, schedules, weather conditions
  • trained and experienced local tour guides
41
Q

What must be done to ensure access to information?

A
  • information must be made available in a language the tourist can understand
  • e.g. different languages on tourist signs or translators
42
Q

What are the reasons for regional fluctuations in tourism?

A
  • disasters
  • regional & global recession
  • political instability
  • disease outbreaks
43
Q

How do disasters cause fluctuations in tourism?

A
  • greater safety risks
  • disrupted tourism infrastructure
  • disasters can also discourage citizens of the affected country from travelling overseas
44
Q

What was an example of a disasters that affected tourism and what were its effects?

A
  • Tohoku earthquake , Japan (march 2011)
  • tsunami & nuclear meltdown
  • tourism fell sharply
  • total tourist arrivals fell by 28% to 6.2 million
  • tourist arrivals from Japan fell in South Korea by 12% in March 2011
45
Q

What are the effects of a recession?

A
  • economic activities slowdown
  • loss of jobs/income
  • less demand for goods & services
  • less travelling
46
Q

What are the different types of recessions?

A
  • regional
  • global
47
Q

What is an example of a regional recession?

A
  • European sovereign debt crisis 2010
48
Q

What is an example of a global recession?

A
  • global financial crisis 2007-2008
49
Q

What happened in Europe + N. America + East Asia in 2008-2010?

A
  • recession experienced
  • international visitors staying shorter lengths of time + spending less in Egypt, Morocco & Greece
  • domestic tourism more affordable
50
Q

What does political conflict cause?

A
  • danger
  • service disruption
  • infrastructure damage
51
Q

What do the effects of political conflict cause?

A
  • tourists cancel/postpone their travel plans
52
Q

What is an example of a country that had political instability and what did it cause?

A
  • 2011 civil war in Libya
  • no commercial flights into the country (Mar-Oct)
53
Q

What are the characteristics of a disease outbreak?

A
  • sudden and widespread occurrence
54
Q

How do disease outbreaks affect tourism and why?

A
  • tourism to countries affected decreases
  • tourists want to avoid infection
55
Q

What are some examples of disease outbreaks and did they cause?

A
  • 2003 SARS
  • spread over 6 months
  • 775 deaths
  • > 8000 infected in 25 countries
  • 2007 H1N1 influenza in USA, Mexico and Spain
  • widespread cancellations of holiday bookings
  • 2019/2020 COVID-19 pandemic
  • inability travel for 2 years (increase or decrease abit)

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