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S4+S5 PURE GEOGRAPHY🌍 > Global Tourism✈️G2&G3 > Flashcards

Global Tourism✈️G2&G3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Trends in the global tourism industry

A
  1. International tourism

2. Domestic tourism

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2
Q

International tourism

A

Since the 1980s, international tourism has become increasingly diverse in its origins and its destinations
One major trend is that the Asia Pacific region has increased in popularity as a tourist destination

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3
Q

Domestic tourism

A

Donestic tourism has grown along with international tourism
In fact, domestic tourism was and continues to be the most popular form of tourism
This is despite the fact that international tourism has grown immensely over the last 60 years
An example is that domestic tourism in China is at it’s peak during the Lunar New Year. During the time, employees take a break for up to two weks

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4
Q

Mass tourism

A

Travel that involves large numbers of tourists visiiting a particular place together

It often takes the form of a package holiday

Increased affluence and leisure time lead to mass toursm

Since the 1970s, package holidays have been a major form of tourism. Such holidays involve a tour usually arranced by a travel agent, with transportation, accomodation, and most meals included in the package. Package holidays include the service of guides who speak the local language

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5
Q

Niche tourism

A

Special-interest tourism based on a particular area, interest or activity

It can be done by independent travellers or combined with package tours

Niche tourism appeals to travellers who seek ‘new’ destinations, activities and experiences

Whale-watching in Hawaii for special interests and, whitewater rafting and bungee jumping in New Zealand for adventure holidays

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6
Q

Ecotourism

A

Form of niche tourism

Responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment and improves the well-being of the local people

POE

  1. Minimise impact
  2. Building environmental and cultural awareness and respect
  3. Provide positive experiences for visitors and hosts
  4. Provide direct financial benefits for conservation
  5. Provide financial benefits and empowerment for local people
  6. Raise sensitivity to the host countries’ political, environmental and social climate

An example is the Waitomo Caves in New Zealand. The caves are a famous tourist destination because of the glowworms that light the caves’ ceiling

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7
Q

Short haul destinations

A

Destinations that are a short distance away from the tourist’s home country, usually reachable by a car, bus, train, or a flight generally less than five hours

For example, Hong Kong is a short haul destination from Singapore. This is because the flight time from Singapore to Hong Kong is just approximately four hours

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8
Q

Long haul destinations

A

Destinations that are a long distance away from the tourist’s home country, usually reachable by a flight of generally five hours or more

For example, Europe would be a long haul destination from Singapore. This is because the flight time from Singapore to Europe is about 12 to 15 hours

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9
Q

Reasons for the growth of global tourism

A
  1. Developments in Technology
  2. Demand factors
  3. Destination factors
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10
Q

Developments in Technology

A

The application of scientific knowledge to develop machines, equipments and ways of doing things

Developments in technology, especially those in transport and computer-related technology have changed the scale and ease of global tourism

BETTER AND AFFORDABLE TRANSPORT
Developments in technology have led to great improvements in safety, shorter travelling time and lesser traveling costs for the average person

In the 1950s, most commercial aeroplanes would fly short distances stop to refuel, sometimes overnight. A commercial flight from Singapore to London takes around two to four days, with many stopovers at different cities
Now, aeroplanes can fly non-stop for 15000 kilometres at 800 to 1000 kilometres per hour. A commercial flight from Singapore to London now takes around 14 hours

The rise of budget airlines has made air transport affordable as such airlines are cheaper than major commercial airlines because of their smaller and more fuel-efficient aircraft. In addition, these aircraft typically fly only to short haul destinations. Costs are further reduced by selling online rather than through travel agents. Examples of budget airlines include Jetstar Asia and AirAsia

How budget airlines increased the number of international travellers:

  1. Enabled more people to travel internationally and more frequently
  2. Given travellers the opportunity to go on holidays farther away from home
  3. Enabled travellers to go to destinations not covered by major commercial airlines (EXP: Bhutan, Northern Thailand)

EASE OF ACCESS TO INFORMATION
Developments in information technology have made information more readily available and accessible. It has also made available updated information. This ease of access to information helped promoted air travel and global tourism

One technological improvement is that for online booking and research, it has given tourists more options and control

Another technological improvement is surveillance, electronic checks and other safety controls research. It makes tourists feel safer and more confident about travelling

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11
Q

Demand factors

A

DEMAND
People’s willingness and ability to buy goods and services

DEMAND FACTORS
Those that affect people’s demand for goods and services and affect their ability to travel

  1. Disposable income
  2. Leisure time
  3. Changing lifestyle

Demand factors are in turn affected by tourist profiles

TOURIST PROFILES
The lifestyle, habit and character of tourists visiting a place

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12
Q

Disposable income

A

The amount of income left to an individual after taxes have been paid. It is the amount of income available for saving and spending. The growth in income has allowed people to spend more on goods, services or activities that improve their quality of life. One of these activities is travelling for leisure.

Countries such as China and India have experienced rapid economic growth. In these countries, the number of people in middle income groups and higher income groups has been growing

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13
Q

Leisure time

A

The time when people are free from work responsibilities and commitments

For the middle income to high income groups, leisure time usually comes in the form of paid leave. With more income and paid leave, these people are more inclined to travel

In Australia, for example, many employees can exchange paid overtime work for leave. This increased their chances of taking longer weekend breaks. In Canada, there has also been an increase in additional breaks and extended weekends

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14
Q

Changing lifestyle

A

The change in the way people live through their lifetime and from generation to generation

The pace of life today is much faster. Many people in the workforce find themselves spending long hours at the workplace beyond official working hours. Therefore, travelling has become a way for people to relax and take a break from their fast-paced lifestyles at work

In Australia, there is a group of retirees called grey nomads. Grey nomads spend much of their time travelling in mobile homes or vehicles with four-wheel drive to explore remote parts of the country

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15
Q

Destination Factors

A

The infrastructure and services in tourist destinations that allow for more convenient and comfortable stays for tourists

  1. Attractions
  2. Investment in infrastructure and services
  3. Access to information
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16
Q

Attractions

A

A feature or quality that makes a place interesting or enjoyable. The attraction is often promoted and enhanced by the tourism industry to attract even more visitors

Dubai, a city in the United Arab Emirates in the Middle East has become a major destination and stopover location between Europe and Asia. It received more than 15 million travellers in 2017. Tourists visit Dubai mainly for shopping, business and entertainment. It draws millions of visitors each year for its wide range of retail and luxury outlets, world-class MICE facilities, luxury hotels and large-scale architectural and engineering projects

17
Q

Investment in infrastructure and services

A

INFRASTRUCTURE
The transport and communication networks, electrical frameworks and systems for water and waste disposal
SERVICES
A particular type of help or work that is provided by a business to customers

For example, Changi Airport’s Budget Terminal was closed down in September 2012 to make way for the construction of Terminal 4, which was officially opened in October 2017. Terminal 4 raised the airport’s total capacity to 82 million passengers per year, compared to only 73 million in 2013

18
Q

Access to information

A

The ease with which information can be obtained

Tourists are more likely to visit a destination when travel-related information is easy to obtain, both outside and within a destination. Examples of such information include transport routes and schedules, weather conditions and available accommodation

19
Q

Why is tourism subjected to fluctuations

A

FLUCTUATIONS
The irregular rising and falling of tourist numbers or receipts over a period of time

  1. Disasters
  2. Recessions
  3. Political situations
  4. Diseases
20
Q

Disasters

A

Events that cause great damage to properties, lead to injuries or cause great loss of life. A disaster can discourage tourists from visiting a destination. This is because it poses greater risks to the safety of tourists and may disrupt essential tourist infrastructure

By the end of 2011, Japan’s total tourist arrivals had decreased by 28% to 6.2 million tourist arrivals due to the Tohoku earthquake in March 2011

21
Q

Recessions

A

A period of general slowdown in economic activities. In a recession, many people experience a loss of income or jobs. This decline of income caused people to cut back on spending. This leads to a decline in demand for goods and services. Therefore, people are less likely to travel overseas during a recession. This results in fewer international tourists

FACTORS THAT CAUSES RECESSIONS

  1. Sharp increases in the price of goods and services
  2. Problems in the financial markets
  3. Decline in exports

The Global Financial Crisis which 2007 and 2008 caused economies to slow down and resulted in less people travelling overseas for tourism

22
Q

Political situations

A

Unfavourable political situations may discourage tourists from visiting. These political conflicts may disrupt services and cause damage to infrastructure. As a result, tourists may postpone or cancel their travel plans

During the civil war in libya in 2011, many governments banned flights to libya. By the end of 2011, there was no commercial airlines landing in libya and no tourists arrivals

23
Q

Diseases

A

An outbreak of disease is the sudden and widespread occurrence of disease in an area. It can cause a huge drop in tourist arrivals. This is because tourists do not want to risk getting infected with a contagious disease

A SARS outbreak devastated Singapore’s tourism sector, with visitor arrivals down 70% in April 2003

24
Q

Impacts of tourism

A
  1. Economic
  2. Socio-cultural
  3. Environmental
25
Q

Economic impacts

A 
ADVANTAGES
1. Employment opportunities 
2. Growth in income
3. Investment in infrastructure and facilities
DISADVANTAGES
1. Seasonal unemployment
2. Under-use of facilities at certain times of the year
3. Shortage of services
26
Q

Employment opportunities

A

Employment is work performed for a wage or salary, in cash or in kind

The tourism industry offers many employment opportunities. These include workers in hotels, transportation, souvenir shops and tour agencies. These jobs cater to the needs of tourists. Jobs can also be indirectly linked to the tourism industry whenever tourists travel and consume goods. Examples of these jobs include taxi drivers and shop owners.

In 2011, the UNWTO estimated that the tourism industry employed over 235 million people worldwide

27
Q

Growth in income

A

Growth in tourism can lead to growth in income for individuals and for a country

An example is the fisherman on the Pamilacan Island in the Philippines. There, local tour companies hire fisherman to take domestic and international tourists on their boat to look for and swim with whale sharks and dolphins. The fisherman are paid US$80-US$100 per boat for their service, which is a significant amount of an average Filipino fisherman

28
Q

Investment in infrastructure and facilities

A

Infrastructure development is the construction of transport and communication networks, electrical frameworks and systems for water and waste disposal
Without sufficient infrastructure and appropriate facilities, such as airports, tourism cannot develop and would not be able to operate on a large scale

In both the cities of Athens, Greece and Beijing, China, underground rail systems were expanded to move large numbers of visitors during the Summer Olympic Games in 2004 and 2008 respectively. Both rail systems continue to serve local populations and tourists even after the games

29
Q

Seasonal unemployment

A

Certain tourist activities depend on climatic conditions. As a result, people in some tourism-related jobs may be unemployed during these times

The city of Sapporo in Japan, receives a large amount of visitors from December to February. Many visitors who go during these times plan to engage in winter sports such as skiing and snowboarding. Mountain ski resort operators need to employ more people during winter to cater to the high tourist demand

30
Q

Under-use of facilities at certain times of the year

A

Some facilities specifically built for certain events may be under-used when the event is over. It is also costly to maintain these facilities, as a result, some of these facilities may become neglected since the number of tourists dropped drastically

Some venues in beijing, china, built specially for the 2008 summer olympic games, were reported deteriorating a few years after the olympics

31
Q

Shortage of services

A

Tourist infrastructure may require the use of large amounts of land, water and power
This could lead to a shortage of services such as water supplies

Large amounts of water are required to water the grass on golf courses and fill swimming pools. Drinking water for nearby residents may be diverted to meet the needs of tourist infrastructure

32
Q

Socio-cultural impacts

A

ADVANTAGES
1. Preservation of local customs and heritage
DISADVANTAGES
1. Increased crime
2. Dilution of local customs and heritage

33
Q

Preservation of local customs and heritage

A

The protection of the way people live, including their economic activities, traditional beliefs and religious practices

When preserved and restored, the historical and cultural sites makes a place more attractive to tourists. In addition, the restored sites benefit the local population by enhancing their sense of history and by building a sense of belonging to their community

The Christ Church in Malacca, Malaysia, has been carefully restored and now stands as a relic of Malacca’s colonial history

34
Q

Increased crime

A

High crime levels may occur at popular tourist sites as some tourists carry valuable items such as handphones

35
Q

Dilution of local customs and heritage

A

The identity, culture and values of a place can be lost when tourism becomes the major activity of an area

To meet the demands and expectations of tourists, local cultural festivals and religious rituals are sometimes modified

In Thailand, tourists have to pay a hefty fee to enter village of Kayan Lahwi women. Due to the entrance fee, some tourists treat the women as exhibits they have paid for. These tourists sometimes aggressively take photographs of the women without permission

36
Q

Environmental impacts

A 
ADVANTAGES
1. Conservation of natural environments 
DISADVANTAGES
1. Vandalism
2. Increased congestion’s
37
Q

Conservation of natural environments

A

A positive impact of tourism is the funding it provides to help conserve environments such as coral reefs, rainforests and mountainous areas. Revenue from entrance fees can be used to protect and conserve these environments

The sepilok orang-utan rehabilitation centre partly relies on visitor entrance fees to pay its staff. The staff rehabilitate the orang-utans that have been orphaned or injured

38
Q

Vandalism

A

The crime of deliberately damaging property belonging to other people. Cultural, historical or natural sites may vandalised by individuals or developers

The thousands of stones and bricks of the great wall of china, which is visited by around 10 million tourists a year, are covered by graffiti

39
Q

Increased congestion

A

Large numbers of tourists can cause overcrowding in areas close to popular tourist attractions. This often causes vehicular and pedestrian traffic to become congested as well

In Rome, Italy, for example, many older walkways and narrow streets are filled with tourists, and especially at Trevi Fountain

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