global sporting events

Question 1

Reason to agree and disagree about Moscow boycott

Answer 1

Agree – Sport inextricably linked to politics and sports participants had duty to stand up for freedom and fairness
Disagree – People say politics has nothing to do with sport – as the Olympics was founded in this way and sport can help build bridges between nations

Question 2

Aims of the Olympics (4)

Answer 2

Promote the development of the physical + moral qualities of sport
To spread the Olympic principles worldwide – international goodwill.
To bring together athletes in the 4 yearly sports festival.
To educate young people through sport – friendship, understanding towards a better and more peaceful world.

Question 3

Berlin 1936

Answer 3

Propaganda purposes for the Third Reich (an ideology viewing Germany as a superior ‘empire’).
Hitler put anti Jew posters all around berlin showing his anti-semetic ideas
Put Hitler at the centre of world politics, TV crew filmed the entire games celebrating the Olympics. The idea of it being a peaceful and tolerant nation was created.
The Aryan Race was promoted as the “Master race”
Lutz Lang – German athletic superstar long-jumper – blonde hair, blue eyes – model image for the Nazi party (Aryan racial superiority).
Jesse Owens – most famous athlete in the world at the time – African-American – was seen as inferior under the Nazi ideology. Won 4 gold medals – broke 11 Olympic records and beat Lutz Lang in the LJ final. Lutz was the first to congratulate him but Hitler refused to place the gold medal around Owens’ neck.

Question 3

Role of British Olympic association

Answer 3

Plan and pick the GB teams for Olympic games to compete in 32 summer and 8 winter sports.
Lead and prepare the nations best athletes. Deliver support to NGB’s through each cycle to assist them.
Developing the Olympic movement in the UK – educate the public (schools).
Only 1 of 5 countries who have attended all Olympics.

Question 4

Difference between LA and previous few Olympics Olympics

Answer 4

Post LA 1984’s financial success – interest to bid to host increased again.
LA 1984 and Montreal 1976 – became the best / worst examples of organising the games.
1976 + 1980 Olympics - entirely government funded. Substantial debts from overly ambitious construction project – expenses exceeded revenues.
However, LA 1984 was privately funded – 1st in history not to be government sponsored = huge profit. Widely agreed to be financially most successful.

Question 5

Negative economic impacts on hosting global events

Answer 5

Bidding process is expensive
High cost to host leading to potential debt
Limited long term participation
Increased house prices

Question 6

Positive economic impacts on hosting global events

Answer 6

Income to city from tourism
Employment opportunities
New businesses attracted

Question 7

Positive political impacts on hosting global events

Answer 7

If country does well it reflects well politically Political parties may temporarily cooperate

Question 8

Negative political impacts on hosting global events

Answer 8

High costs
Protests/terrorism
Lack of long term legacy

Question 9

Negative social impacts on hosting global events

Answer 9

Locals may be displaced to make way for facilities
Increased local prices
Limited focus on long term social issues and needs
Benefits only felt by minority as other areas of country others may be resentful for pollution and congestion
Terrorist threats

Question 10

Positive social impact on hosting global events

Answer 10

Shop window effect- showcasing country
Increased sense of pride
Social integration and cooperation
Volunteering opportunities
Lower local crime rate
Legacy: health awareness, increase participation, improved infrastructure and transport

Question 11

Negative sporting impacts on hosting global events

Answer 11

Underused facilities after evet
Stats suggest limited long term increase in participation
Smaller less well known /non lottery funded Olympic sports are likely to be side-lined
Any deviance hyped up by media

Question 12

Positive sporting impacts on hosting global events

Answer 12

Higher profile for sport including minority
More funding for elite sport
Sponsorship for performers
Better organisation and administration of elite
Positive role model
More opportunities to compete
Increase respect and exposure for Paralympic
Legacy: world class facilities potential for increased participation

Question 13

Role of International Olympic committee

Answer 13

Created in Paris 1894 + administers the Olympic movement
Owns rights to Olympic symbol.
Oversees organisation of the games - run the corporate TOP (The Olympic Partner) programme - the highest level of Olympic Sponsorship. $100 million dollars each!
Members of IOC responsible for selecting host cities.
Manage commercialisation of the games.

Question 14

Los Angeles 1984

Answer 14

Bidding process of 1984 Olympics was done after 1976 Olympics in Montreal – which was a huge financial disaster.
First endorsements, first colour TV.
The whole city was used – used the whole of the area to spread out traffic and congestion – Peter Uebberoth made LA a huge financial success.
Hardly any new buildings – McDonalds Swim Centre (made do with the venues the city already had), 7/11 Velodrome, Inflatables/scaffolding structures.
12 weeks before the opening, the Soviet Union announced their boycott
Soviet Union authorities blamed “the commercialisation of the games and a lack of security measures = violation of the Olympic charter”
However the boycott was generally seen as a ‘tit for tat’ response to the US boycott in the 1980 Moscow Olympics.

Question 15

Different meanings of the black power salute 1968

Answer 15

Tommy smith right hand - Black power in America
John Carlos left hand - unity in black America
No shoes and black shoes - black poverty
Archway - black power and unity

Question 16

Mexico city 1968

Answer 16

Lots of unrest between white Americans and black Americans. Mainly stem from the fact that powerful white plantation owners used people exported from Africa to work as slaves
A lot going on behind the games at this time – South Africa’s invitation withdrawn due to apartheid regime.
Boycotts by African-American athletes talked about before the games.
In the 200m race – Tommie Smith won gold (+ a new WR), Peter Norman Silver and John Carlos Bronze.
During the ceremony both Smith and Carlos wore one black glove each, no shoes and black socks.
For the duration of the US national anthem Smith raised his right gloved hand and Carlos his left in what was called the Black power salute

Question 17

How did the modern olympics come about

Answer 17

Established in 1896 by Baron Pierre de Coubertin who was a French educator and historian in Athens
had visited England in 1880s and was inspired by what he had seen

Question 18

4 reasons of inspiration for modern olympics

Answer 18

1. Ancient Greece -5 day event every 4 years held in Olympia in Greece
2. Wenlock games- multisport event, evidence of metric distance, cash prize for top 3, technological improvements e.g. bike
   3.19th century school boys- amateur sport, cult of athleticism, fixtures
   4.Cotswold games - cross over with previous traditional events

Question 19

Moscow 1980

Answer 19

Hosted in what was known as the Soviet Union.
In 1979 Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan.
US president Jimmy Carter gave 1 month for the soviet troops to withdraw else they would boycott
USA led the boycott – over ¼ of all nations boycotted (65 in total) - approx. 6000 out of 10,000 competed
Lots of debate between sport and politics – both agreement/disagreement for the boycott
GB team sent – as long as athletes wanted to compete.

Question 20

Peter Norman in black power salute

Answer 20

The Australian silver medallist.
Borrowed a badge in support of human rights off a US athlete.
Knew of the plans and agreed to stand with them as he believed in human rights.
Suggested sharing the gloves when Carlos left his pair in the village.

Question 20

Munich 1972

Answer 20

Germany given another chance to host following Berlin.
Post WW2 Germany was divided East/west – took place in West
Sold as a cheerful games – with the chance for Germany to reinvent itself
Created a friendly image – wanted to take away the military image created by Hitler. Wanted to attract a new audience.
Mascot- represent attributes of the athletes – resistance, agility etc, but also included all of the Olympic ring colours apart from black and red (Nazi party).
there were a number of claims it lacked security. No armed personnel – easy for athletes to just wander in and out.
8 Palestinian terrorists broke into Israeli athletes’ rooms, killed 2 and held 9 hostage for 24 hours.
Black September terrorist group – Terrorists want 100’s of Palestinian prisoners released from Israeli prisons.
Minimal security at the ‘Friendly’ Olympic games
Munich Olympic village – the world is watching and the terrorists wanted to create maximum media coverage!
All 9 hostages, 5 Palestinian terrorists and a German police officer were killed during a shootout at a German airport.

Question 21

what happened after black power salute

Answer 21

Both athletes were asked to leave the games following this demonstration that was watched by millions of people.
Said to have brought politics into the Olympics - not supposed to happen.
They did however, succeed in putting a global spotlight on the difficult situation for black Americans