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2A - Head and Neck > Global Perspective to ENT, Ophalmic and Neurological Conditions > Flashcards

Global Perspective to ENT, Ophalmic and Neurological Conditions Flashcards

1
Q

What are some determinants of health?

A

Social and economic factors (40%)

Health behaviours (30%)

Clinical care (10%)

Physical environment (10%)

Genes and biology (10%)

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2
Q

What are some non-medical issues relating to health throughout the world?

A

Clean water access

Vitamin deficiency

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3
Q

What economical background are more likely to have their life shortened by disease?

A

Low income background

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4
Q

What percentage of global visual impairment occurs in a low income setting?

A

90%

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5
Q

What percentage of visual impairment can be prevented or cured?

A

80%

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6
Q

What are some differentials for visual impairment?

A

Cataract (39%)

Refractive error (18%)

Glaucoma (10%)

Corneal opacity/scarring

Trachoma (infection with bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis)

River blindness (onchocerciasis)

Childhood blindness

Eye trauma

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7
Q

What is cataract?

A

Clouding of the lens that leads to decreased vision

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8
Q

What is the leading cause of blindness?

A

Cataract

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9
Q

What increases the risk of cataract?

A

UV exposure

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10
Q

What is the leading cause of visual impairment?

A

Refractive error

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11
Q

What is refractive error?

A

Shape of eye means light cannot focus on the retina

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12
Q

What is glaucoma?

A

Build up of pressure inside the eye causes damage to the optic nerve

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13
Q

What is glaucoma treatable with?

A

Lifelong eyedrops

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14
Q

What is trachoma?

A

Bacterial infection due to face-washing with dirty water, sharing linen and flies

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15
Q

What does trachoma lead to?

A

Granulation of inner eyelid

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16
Q

What is the treatment for trachoma?

A

Surgery

Antibiotics

Facewashing

Environment

(SAFE)

17
Q

What is river blindness also known as?

A

Onchocerciasis

18
Q

What is onchoceriacis transmitted by?

A

Blackflies

19
Q

What is the pathology of river blindess?

A

Blackfly larvae causes eye lesions, inflammation and scarring

20
Q

What is the treatmet for river blindness?

A

Annual dose of Ivermactine

21
Q

Where does most childhood blindness occur?

A

75% in Africa/Asia

22
Q

What can avoidable blindness be avoided with?

A

Hygiene, sanitation, clean water

Improved access to eye care

Improved nutrition

23
Q

What is disabling hearing loss?

A

Hearing loss greater than 40dB in adults

24
Q

What percentage of the population has disabling hearing loss?

A

5%

25
Q

Where do the majority of people with disabling hearing loss live?

A

S Africa

SE Asia

Asia pacific

26
Q

What are congenital causes of disabling hearing loss?

A

Maternal infection (rubella, syphilis)

Birth asphyxia

27
Q

What are acquired causes of disabling hearing loss?

A

Infections

Trauma

Excess noise

28
Q

What are the consequences of hearing loss?

A

Inability to communicate (social isolation)

Effect on academic performance and prospects

29
Q

What are some strategies for tackling hearing loss?

A

Immunisation (measles, mumps, rebella, meningitis)

Antenatal care

Education

Hygiene and clean water

Health and safety legislation regarding PPE/noise

Early detection and intervention

Social support

Simples aids

30
Q

Why are non-communicable diseases (neurological diseases) increasing globally?

A

Due to changing lifestyles

31
Q

Ranked, what cause of global death is stroke?

A

2nd

32
Q

What are examples of neurological diseases?

A

Haemorrhage stroke (35.7%)

Ischaemic stroke (22.4%)

Migraine (12.7%)

Epilepsy (9.9%)

33
Q

Ranked, what cause of death is trauma?

A

9th, but is expected to become 2nd by 2020

34
Q

What percentage of neurological conditions occur in low and middle income people?

A

More than 90%

35
Q

What is the leading cause of truma death?

A

Head injury

36
Q

What makes surgical intervention difficult in poor areas?

A

Limited ENT and anaesthesia services and equipment

2A - Head and Neck (13 decks)

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