global issues exam Flashcards
NGOs (what are they)
): All nonstate and nonprofit organizations that operate as intermediaries to build transnational bridges between those with resources and a targeted group. Intersocial organizations that contribute to negotiations between and among states in hope of reaching agreements for global governance. Members are individuals. Work for policy changes
NGOs (examples)
Amnesty International, International Chamber of Commerce, International Red Cross, Save the Children, World Wildlife Federation
UN Organs
General Assembly , Security Council , Economic and Social Council , Trusteeship COuncil , International Court of Justice , Secretariat
How many members does UN have?
193
How many members does the EU have?
27
EU organs?
Minister, Eurpoean Commission, Parliament, Court of Justice
Current population
8.1 (google). 7.8 (class)
GATT (General Agreements on Tariffs and Trade)
Provided a mechanism for multilateral negotiations on reducing tariffs and other barriers to trade. Superseded by the WTO in 1995.
WTO (World Trade Organization)
administers an integrated and comprehensive worldwide system of liberal and free trade, has more authority than GATT did
Bretton-Woods Institutions
Built from the United Nations Monetary and FInancial Conference in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire in July 1944: The World Bank and The International Monetary Fund (IMF)
The World Bank
Established to support reconstruction efforts in Europe after WWII. Shifted its attention towards developmental assistance. Now, has two goals by 2030: reducing extreme poverty and fostering income growth for people in the lowest 40% in every country.
International Monetary Fund
Purpose more short-term. Primary focus is on managing the exchange of money across borders and ensuring currencies remain convertible through short-term assistance and cooperation on monetary matters. Lender of last resort
Terrorism (definition)
Premeditated violence perpetrated against noncombatant targets by subnational, transnational groups, or clandestine agents, usually to influence an audience.
1. Political in Nature
2. Perpetrators are nonstate actors
3. Targets are noncombatants
4. Attacks are unconventional / unpredictable
New GLobal Terrorism
- Before 9/11, terrorism was seen as remote and rare
- New organizational form and ideological emphasis (religious fanaticism)
- Tactics have changed
- Postmodern terrorism: terrorism practiced by an expanding set of diverse actors with new weapons “to sow panic in a society, to weaken or even overthrow incumbents, and to bring about political change
- Terrorism used to make demands and wait but now their goal is to kill as many people as possible to get what they want
Asymmetric warfare
Armed conflict between belligerents of vastly unequal military strength, in which the weaker side is often a nonstate actor that relies on unconventional tactics. Terrorism.
Interstate war
War between two states (over a territory)
Intrastate war
War between opposing groups within the same country or by rebels against the government. -
Deterrence
Preventive strategies designed to dissuade an adversary from doing what it would do otherwise – Second-strike capability, mutually assured destruction. When the US had nukes
Compellence
A method of coercive diplomacy usually involving an act of war or threat to force an adversary to make concessions against its will. When both had nukes
Pre-emptive warfare
A quick, first-strike attack that seeks to defeat an adversary before it can organize an initial attack or retaliatory response. In the NEAR FUTURE. When US was hegemony
National Security
A country’s psychological freedom from fears that the state will be unable to resist threats to its survival and national values emanating from abroad or at home. Protecting borders, war.
Power Potential
The capabilities or resources held by a state that are considered necessary to its asserting influence over others. Ex: military expenditures, relative size of economy, population and territorial size, geographic position, raw materials, technological capacity, political culture and values, efficency of governmental decision making, volume of trade, education level, national morale, and internal solidarity
Human Security
A measure of popular liberal theory of the degree to which the welfare of individuals is protected and promoted, in contrast to the realist theory’s emphasis on putting the state’s interests in military and national security ahead of all other goals. Access to homes, food, water.
The Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty
An international Agreement that seeks to prevent horizontal proliferation by prohibiting further nuclear weapons sales, acquisitions, or production. Controversial because it allows for the US, Russia, China, Britain, and France to have them while denying them to all others.
Coercive Diplomacy
The use of threats or limited armed force to persuade an adversary to alter its foreign or domestic policies,or to not attack
NATO
A MILITARY ALLIANCE created in 1949 to deter a Soviet attack on Western Europe that since has expanded and redefined its mission to emphasize not only the maintenance of peace but also the promotion of democracy
Preventive warfare
Strictly outlawed by international law, a war undertaken by choice against an enemy to prevent it from suspected intentions to attack sometime in the distant future—if and when the enemy might acquire the necessary military capabilities. Kind of like kick them before they can get strong. DISTANT FUTURE.
Arms race
Buildup of weapons and armed forces by two or more states that threaten each other, with the competition driven by the conviction that gaining a lead is necessary for security
Balance of Power (theory)
Realist theory. The idea that national security is enhanced when military capabilities are distributed so that no single state is strong enough to dominate all others. Multipolar is most insecure with unipolar, bipolar is most secure.
Collective Securty
A security regime agreed to by the great powers that sets rules for keeping peace, guided by the principle that an act of agression by any state will be met by a collective response from the rest.
Frequency and types of armed conflict
- Wars between states – On the rise recently, but generally declining
- Wars within states – Most of the armed conflict
- Global terrorism
- (Extrastate war, war between a territorial state and a nonsovereign entity outside the borders of the state)
- (Internationalized Intrastate, internal hostilities that are rendered international, such as war involving a foreign intervention in support of an insurgent group fighting against an established government)
Fixed Exchange Rate
A system in which a government sets the value of its currency at a fixed rate for exchange in relation to another country’s currency or another measure of value (such as a group of different currencies or a precious metal such as gold) so that the exchange value is not free to fluctuate in the global money market. US used to tie currency to gold, but we had too much money and not enough gold (dollar overhang)
Floating Exchange Rate
System in which the relative value of the country’s currency is set by market forces. In principle, the country’s currency is indicative of the underlying strengths and weaknesses of its economy. US now has this, Nixon switched to it.
Human Rights
The political rights and civil liberties recognized by the international community as inalienable and valid for individuals by virtue of their humanity
Replacement-level Fertility
One couple replacing themselves on average with two children so that a country’s population will remain stable if this rate prevails. 2.1 is ideal rate?
Trade Integration
The difference between growth in trade and gross domestic product (GDP). Evidence of global trade growing: to see how world grade is increasing faster than the rate of the world’s GDP. As trade integration grows, globalization grows. Measures amount of money that is made from trade compared to amount of money countries make by themselves.
Protectionist Policies (Examples)
Barriers to foreign trade, such a tariffs or quotas, which protect local industries from foreign competition
1. Tariffs: taxes placed on imported goods
2. Import quotas: numerical limit on the quantity of particular products that can be imported
3. Export quotas: barriers to free trade agreed upon by two trading states to protect their domestic product
4. Voluntary Export Restrictions (VERs): Protectionist measure in which exporting countries agree to restrict shipments of a particular product to a country to deter it from imposing an even more burdensome import quota
5. Nontariff barriers: measures other than tariffs that discriminate against imports
6. Countervailing duties: Government tariffs to offset suspected subsidies provided by foreign governments to their producers
7. Antidumping duties: taxes placed on another exporting state’s alleged selling of a product at a price below the cost to produce it
Liberalism
- Classical Liberalism: A body of thought based on Adam Smith’s ideas about the forces of supply and demand in the marketplace, emphasizing the social and economic benefits when individuals pursue their own self-interest (“free hand” – free markets)
- Commercial Liberalism: An economic theory advocating free markets and the removal of barriers to the flow of free trade and capital as a locomotive for prosperity
Mercantilism
Economic philosophy advocating government regulation of economic life to increase state power. A government trade strategy for accumulating state wealth and power by encouraging exports and encouraging imports.
