Global Health

Question 1

what is the approach of the UN to quantify development of countries.

Extensively explain and categorise it

Answer 1

Human development Index (HDI)

it’s a number between 0.001 and 0.999.

it is based on:

• Knowledge- based on education and literacy
• Healthy life - life expectancy
• Standard of living- income adjusted for local circumstances (purchasing power parity, PPP)

Question 2

According to the HDI, what are the ways in whihc countries can be grouped?

Answer 2

Very High: 0.800 to 0.999 (include norway)

High: 0.700 to 0.800 (include seychelles)

Medium: 0.555 to 0,700 (include pakistan)

Low - below 0.555 (Nigeria)

Question 3

what terms should we use when talking about development of the countries

Answer 3

High income countries

Low and middle income countries

This delineate between settings based on an objective measure of wealth instead of a (subjective) value judgment based on other measures.

Question 4

Explain the Global South

Answer 4

used to denote countries where income tends to be low and economies are recently industrialising.

Many of them have a colonial history

Geographically there are at the tropics and NOT the southern hemisphere. Australia and NZ are not Global South

Question 5

what are the UN sustainable developemnt goals and which ones are directly relevant to med students and doctors

Answer 5

17 goals that are interdependent on each other and are set between 2015 to 2030.

SDG3- Maintain good health and wellbeing

Question 6

Define maternal mortality and which countries have the highest rate

Answer 6

Maternal mortality refers to deaths due to complications from pregnancy or childbirth.

Almost 300,000 women die each year from maternity-related causes, of which more than 95% are in LMICs.

India and Nigeria accounted for 19% and 14% of maternal deaths globally in 2010.

Question 7

what is the Maternal Mortality ratio

Answer 7

Maternal mortality ratio is the epidemiological indicator commonly used.

It is calculated as the number of deaths divided by the number of live births (in the same period) per 100,000 live births.

very high in sub haran africa

Question 8

what are the causes of maternal mortality

Answer 8

Most are preventabel especially with good health services.

Most common is Haemorrhage.

Some are indirect by pre-exisitng med conditions aggravated by pregnancy

others are:

• abortions
• embolism
• sepsis
• hypertension

Question 9

what is the usefulness of the MMR? What does it indicate

Answer 9

indicator of human and social progress.

system-wide indicator of both a health system as well as a country’s developed.

a proxy measure of baseline health status among women of childbearing age.

meausres the accessibility, responsiveness and effectiveness of health systems especially to women’s health.

Can also be a measure of how politically invested a country is in gender equality

Question 10

why is the MMR of USA 10x higher than Norway

Answer 10

Huge inequality in income and accesibiltiy to healthcare in the USA.

This is because of the way the USA structure their healthcare.

there’s also inequality based on race as black and native americans are more likely to die from pregnancy related complications than white people

https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/68/wr/mm6835a3.htm?s_cid=mm6835a3_w

Question 11

Define Global health

Answer 11

An area of study, research and practive that palces a priority on imporving health and achieving health equity for all people worldwide

Question 12

what is the aim of the WHO?

Answer 12

The attainment by all peoples of the highest possible level of health

Question 13

what are the International health regulations of the WHO?

why do they matter?

Answer 13

To summarise, it states laws that make sure countries report any diseases to the WHO ASAP so that data can be collated and response happens.

they matter becuase:

• All sectors benefit
• travel and trade are made safer
• health threats have no border
• Global health security is enhanced
• Daily threats are kept under control

Question 14

Define what W.A.S.H is ?

(Water, Sanitation and hygeine)

Answer 14

Water- safe water for drinking, washing and domestic activities

Sanitation: Safe removal of waste )like toilets)

Hygiene: health promotion activites that encourage protective healthy behaviour practices

Question 15

what proportion of the global population lack access to:

safely managed water

Safely managed sanitation services

Answer 15

Water:

• 30% of world popul
• 2.1 billion

Sanitation services:

• 60%- 4.5 billion

Question 16

What are the global disease attributed to WASH? (wash related)

Answer 16

• Diarhhoea
• Malaria
• Schistosomiasis
• Trachoma
• Intestinal Helminth
• Japanese encephalitis
• Hep A
• Various poisoning

There’s a lot more

Question 17

Explain the morbidity and mortality of WASH related diarrhoea

Answer 17

Leading cause of morbiidty and mortlaity in kids under 5

Attributed to unsafe water supply, poor hygiene and poor sanitation services

But this can be prevented with multifactorial interventions

Question 18

How can you reduce morbidity of WASH related diarrheoa?

Answer 18

Improved water supply- reduce morbidity by around 20%

if severe, imprived sanitation reduce mrobiidty by 30%

Hygeine interventions (promotion and education) like:

• Handwashing

they reduce cases by 45%

Question 19

Explain the Human right to Water declared by the UN in 2010. i.e what conditions makes sure you don’t breach this right

in 2015, what percentage of poeple used a safely manged water source

Answer 19

• B/w 50-100L of water needed per person per day to meet basic needs
• Water source has to be within 1000m from home
• Cost shouldnt exceed 3% of income
• Collection time should not exceed 30mins.

Summary: doesn’t put health at risk during lifetime

Only 5.2 billion people in 2015 used a safely managed drinking water source

Question 20

what regions have the least access to safe drinking water and why?

Answer 20

Sub-saharan africa

many social, economic, cultural and geographical inequaliies that lead to inability to acces safe drinking water

Question 21

how can unsafe drinking water affect people both individually and at a societal level?

Answer 21

Affects all the wider determinants of health and health itself

Societal- lead to economic and political challenges

Question 22

what are the 5 main types of water related infectious disease and explain

Answer 22

Water borne: disease spread when people drink contaminated water or eat food made with contaminated water. e.g. cholera and diarhreoal disease

Water washed: caused by poor hygeine like scabies and trachoma

Water based: transmitted by aquatic organisms like schiostosomiasis and guinea worm

Water related insect vector: vector disease spread by insects like malaria and river blindness (Onchocerciasis)

Diseases caused by poor sanitation- hookworm

Question 23

What is the Ecological Paradox

Answer 23

As human develop, become healthier and use more resources, the environment worsens at an exponential rate.

It looks like what is good for us is not good for the environment

Question 24

what is the impact of human activities on the planet

Answer 24

There’s now half accessible fresh water for human uses

90% of monitored fisheries are at limits

Cut down 7-11 million km2 of forest

Dammed 60% of rivers

Species loss is 1k times the basal rate

Population sizes of mammals, fishes, bruds and reptiles/amphibians have reduced by half over the past 45 years

Question 25

what are the possible solutions to climate change

Answer 25

Rethink the food system

Change maufacturing

Governance- subsidies and funding and regulation to help sustainable resources

Urban design

Change your ideals from wanting more stuff to seeking more connections with others.

Challenge our place in the world- imagination

PH impact assessment

Lancet paper

Question 26

who are most vulnerable to climate change

Answer 26

The poorest people in the world expereinces the worst imapct of climate change- they have the most nutritoinal vulnerability to CO2 emissions

the richest casue the most CO2 emisssions

Question 27

what is the Holecene period?

Answer 27

A geological epoch that began about 11 700 years ago and encompasses most of the time period during which humanity has grown and developed, including all its written history and development of major civilisations.

Question 28

what is the anthropocene period?

what is it called when our activities are exponentially damaging the environment since 1950

Answer 28

current geological age, viewed as the period during which human activity has been the dominant influence on climate and the environment.

We are in the Great Acceleration

Question 29

what is a circular economy

Answer 29

A global economic model that decouples economic growth and development from the consumption of finite resources.

Circular economy systems keep products in use for as long as possible, allow for the recycling of end products, and eliminate waste.

Question 30

what is the tragedy of the commons?

Answer 30

this is an economic analogy that describe how people degrade a common good for consumption despite it’s consequence of the overrall societal loss

Question 31

Explain One Health

Answer 31

Human, environmental and Animal health must be looked after as one can affect the others