Global Health Flashcards
what is the approach of the UN to quantify development of countries.
Extensively explain and categorise it
Human development Index (HDI)
it’s a number between 0.001 and 0.999.
it is based on:
- Knowledge- based on education and literacy
- Healthy life - life expectancy
- Standard of living- income adjusted for local circumstances (purchasing power parity, PPP)
According to the HDI, what are the ways in whihc countries can be grouped?
Very High: 0.800 to 0.999 (include norway)
High: 0.700 to 0.800 (include seychelles)
Medium: 0.555 to 0,700 (include pakistan)
Low - below 0.555 (Nigeria)
what terms should we use when talking about development of the countries
High income countries
Low and middle income countries
This delineate between settings based on an objective measure of wealth instead of a (subjective) value judgment based on other measures.
Explain the Global South
used to denote countries where income tends to be low and economies are recently industrialising.
Many of them have a colonial history
Geographically there are at the tropics and NOT the southern hemisphere. Australia and NZ are not Global South
what are the UN sustainable developemnt goals and which ones are directly relevant to med students and doctors
17 goals that are interdependent on each other and are set between 2015 to 2030.
SDG3- Maintain good health and wellbeing
Define maternal mortality and which countries have the highest rate
Maternal mortality refers to deaths due to complications from pregnancy or childbirth.
Almost 300,000 women die each year from maternity-related causes, of which more than 95% are in LMICs.
India and Nigeria accounted for 19% and 14% of maternal deaths globally in 2010.
what is the Maternal Mortality ratio
Maternal mortality ratio is the epidemiological indicator commonly used.
It is calculated as the number of deaths divided by the number of live births (in the same period) per 100,000 live births.
very high in sub haran africa
what are the causes of maternal mortality
Most are preventabel especially with good health services.
Most common is Haemorrhage.
Some are indirect by pre-exisitng med conditions aggravated by pregnancy
others are:
- abortions
- embolism
- sepsis
- hypertension
what is the usefulness of the MMR? What does it indicate
indicator of human and social progress.
system-wide indicator of both a health system as well as a country’s developed.
a proxy measure of baseline health status among women of childbearing age.
meausres the accessibility, responsiveness and effectiveness of health systems especially to women’s health.
Can also be a measure of how politically invested a country is in gender equality
why is the MMR of USA 10x higher than Norway
Huge inequality in income and accesibiltiy to healthcare in the USA.
This is because of the way the USA structure their healthcare.
there’s also inequality based on race as black and native americans are more likely to die from pregnancy related complications than white people
https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/68/wr/mm6835a3.htm?s_cid=mm6835a3_w
Define Global health
An area of study, research and practive that palces a priority on imporving health and achieving health equity for all people worldwide
what is the aim of the WHO?
The attainment by all peoples of the highest possible level of health
what are the International health regulations of the WHO?
why do they matter?
To summarise, it states laws that make sure countries report any diseases to the WHO ASAP so that data can be collated and response happens.
they matter becuase:
- All sectors benefit
- travel and trade are made safer
- health threats have no border
- Global health security is enhanced
- Daily threats are kept under control
Define what W.A.S.H is ?
(Water, Sanitation and hygeine)
Water- safe water for drinking, washing and domestic activities
Sanitation: Safe removal of waste )like toilets)
Hygiene: health promotion activites that encourage protective healthy behaviour practices
what proportion of the global population lack access to:
safely managed water
Safely managed sanitation services
Water:
- 30% of world popul
- 2.1 billion
Sanitation services:
- 60%- 4.5 billion
What are the global disease attributed to WASH? (wash related)
- Diarhhoea
- Malaria
- Schistosomiasis
- Trachoma
- Intestinal Helminth
- Japanese encephalitis
- Hep A
- Various poisoning
There’s a lot more
Explain the morbidity and mortality of WASH related diarrhoea
Leading cause of morbiidty and mortlaity in kids under 5
Attributed to unsafe water supply, poor hygiene and poor sanitation services
But this can be prevented with multifactorial interventions
How can you reduce morbidity of WASH related diarrheoa?
Improved water supply- reduce morbidity by around 20%
if severe, imprived sanitation reduce mrobiidty by 30%
Hygeine interventions (promotion and education) like:
- Handwashing
they reduce cases by 45%
Explain the Human right to Water declared by the UN in 2010. i.e what conditions makes sure you don’t breach this right
in 2015, what percentage of poeple used a safely manged water source
- B/w 50-100L of water needed per person per day to meet basic needs
- Water source has to be within 1000m from home
- Cost shouldnt exceed 3% of income
- Collection time should not exceed 30mins.
Summary: doesn’t put health at risk during lifetime
Only 5.2 billion people in 2015 used a safely managed drinking water source
what regions have the least access to safe drinking water and why?
Sub-saharan africa
many social, economic, cultural and geographical inequaliies that lead to inability to acces safe drinking water
how can unsafe drinking water affect people both individually and at a societal level?
Affects all the wider determinants of health and health itself
Societal- lead to economic and political challenges
what are the 5 main types of water related infectious disease and explain
Water borne: disease spread when people drink contaminated water or eat food made with contaminated water. e.g. cholera and diarhreoal disease
Water washed: caused by poor hygeine like scabies and trachoma
Water based: transmitted by aquatic organisms like schiostosomiasis and guinea worm
Water related insect vector: vector disease spread by insects like malaria and river blindness (Onchocerciasis)
Diseases caused by poor sanitation- hookworm
What is the Ecological Paradox
As human develop, become healthier and use more resources, the environment worsens at an exponential rate.
It looks like what is good for us is not good for the environment
what is the impact of human activities on the planet
There’s now half accessible fresh water for human uses
90% of monitored fisheries are at limits
Cut down 7-11 million km2 of forest
Dammed 60% of rivers
Species loss is 1k times the basal rate
Population sizes of mammals, fishes, bruds and reptiles/amphibians have reduced by half over the past 45 years
what are the possible solutions to climate change
Rethink the food system
Change maufacturing
Governance- subsidies and funding and regulation to help sustainable resources
Urban design
Change your ideals from wanting more stuff to seeking more connections with others.
Challenge our place in the world- imagination
PH impact assessment
who are most vulnerable to climate change
The poorest people in the world expereinces the worst imapct of climate change- they have the most nutritoinal vulnerability to CO2 emissions
the richest casue the most CO2 emisssions
what is the Holecene period?
A geological epoch that began about 11 700 years ago and encompasses most of the time period during which humanity has grown and developed, including all its written history and development of major civilisations.
what is the anthropocene period?
what is it called when our activities are exponentially damaging the environment since 1950
current geological age, viewed as the period during which human activity has been the dominant influence on climate and the environment.
We are in the Great Acceleration
what is a circular economy
A global economic model that decouples economic growth and development from the consumption of finite resources.
Circular economy systems keep products in use for as long as possible, allow for the recycling of end products, and eliminate waste.
what is the tragedy of the commons?
this is an economic analogy that describe how people degrade a common good for consumption despite it’s consequence of the overrall societal loss
Explain One Health
Human, environmental and Animal health must be looked after as one can affect the others
