Global Health Flashcards
Epidemiology
the study of the distribution and determinants of health related states or events in specified populations, and the application of this study to control health problems
Collective Violence
the instrumental use of violence by people who identify as part of a group, against another group or set of individuals, in order to achieve political, economic or social objectives
Mental Health
conceptualised as a state of wellbeing in which the individual realises his or her own abilities, can cope with the normal stresses of life, work productively and is able to make a contribution to his/her own community
Disability
Disability is a complex phenomenon, reflecting the interaction between features of a person’s body and features of the society in which he or she lives. The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) defines disability as an umbrella term for impairments, activity limitations and participation restrictions. Disability is the interaction between individuals with a health condition (e.g. Down syndrome and depression) and personal and environmental factors (e.g. negative attitudes, inaccessible transportation and public buildings, and limited social supports).
DALY
disability adjusted life year
measure of overall disease BURDEN
expressed as no of years of life lost due to premature mortality (YLL) in a population and the years lost due to disability (YLD)
mental health and substance misuse account for 7.4% of all DALYs
Mental health statistics
mental health and substance misuse account for 7.4% of all DALYs
- depressive disorders account for 40% of these
lifetime prevalence mood disorder 12%
globally, nearly 1 in 5 people met the criteria for common mental health disorder in the past 12 months
80% of the world’s population live in LMICs, which have less than 20% of the world’s mental health resources
85% of people in LMIC receive no treatment, in high income countries, between 35 and 50%
Conflict statistics
8th leading cause of death by 2020
110m deaths form conflict in 20th century
risen 118% from 2007 to 2017
syria: 500,000 deaths, 6m internal and 5m external refugees and is still ongoing
Principles of a human rights approach to healthcare
participation, accountability, non discrimination, empowerment, equity (resources distributed according to need, inverse care), transparency
right to highest attainable standard of health - includes social determinants eg. housing, sanitation
UHC essay facts
margaret chan quote
100m people pushed into poverty every year by healthcare costs
WHO constitution of 1948 declares health a fundamental human right
Alma Ata 1978 declares “health for all by 2000”
25 wealthiest nations have UHC (apart from USA)
several middle income - Brazil and Thailand
Some low income countries working towards - philippines
ethiopia - 35,000 chw
thailand - 2.7% GDP
india - 1% GDP, over 80% privatised
Workforce essay facts
Sub-saharan africa: 3% of the world’s health workforce care for 10% of the world’s population that bear 24% of the disease burden
developing countries need an extra 4.3 million health workers
CHW cost $6.50 a year
Task shifting definition
the decentralisation and delegation of tasks from healthcare professionals to less specialised health workers in order to expand the available human resource pool of the health workforce
Proportionate universalism
focusing solely on the most disadvantaged will not reduce health inequalities sufficiently. To reduce the steepness of the social gradient in health, actions must be universal, but with a scale and intensity that is proportionate to the level of disadvantage
Population statistics
9.7bn by 2050 - 90% in LMICS
people aged 60 and above will double by 2050
66% living in urban areas by 2050
1 in 3 in slums - specific problems
Poverty
1.2 billion people live on less than $1 a day
Food security
when all people, at all times have physical, social and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food to meet dietary needs for a productive and healthy life
climate change means up to 1/4 of the world’s food production may be lost by 2050
