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WOSOCU > Global health > Flashcards

Global health Flashcards

1
Q

Health problems, issues, and concerns that transcend national boundaries, which may be influenced by circumstances or experiences in other countries, and which are best addressed by cooperative actions and solutions (Institute of Medicine, USA-1997)

A

Global Health

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2
Q

refers to any health issue that concerns many countries or is affected by transnational determinants such as:
climate change
urbanization
malnutrition - over or under nutrition

A

Global Health Issues

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3
Q

refers to any health issue that concerns many countries,
or nutrition as:
Polio eradication
containment of avian influenza
approaches to tobacco control

A

Global Health Issues

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4
Q

Developed as a discipline in the mid 19th century in UK, Europe and US. Concerned more with national issues.

A

Public Health

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5
Q

Data and evidence to support action, focus on populations, social justice and equity, emphasis on preventions vs. cure.

A

Public Health

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6
Q

Developed during past decades, came to be more concerned with:
the diseases (e.g. tropical diseases) and
conditions (war, national disasters) of middle and low income countries.7
tended to denote a one-way flow of ‘good ideas’.

A

International Health

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7
Q

More recent in its origin and emphasizes a greater scope of health problems and solutions that transcend national boundaries requiring greater inter-disciplinary approach.

A

Global Health

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8
Q

Disciplines involved in Global Health

A

Social sciences
Behavioral Science
Law
Economics
History
Engineering
Biomedical sciences
Environmental sciences

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9
Q

Key Concepts in Relation to Global Health

A
  1. The determinants of health
  2. The measurement of health status
  3. The importance of culture to health
  4. The global burden of disease
  5. The key risk factors for various health problems
  6. The organization and function of health systems
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10
Q

a disease caused by a microorganism and therefore potentially infinitely transferable to new individuals…

A

Infectious disease

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11
Q

an infectious disease that is contagious and which can be transmitted from one source to another by infectious bacteria or viral organisms

A

Communicable disease

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12
Q

Infectious diseases are communicable but so are the elements of western lifestyle, which are?

A

Dietary changes
Lack of physical activity
Reliance on automobile transport
Smoking
Stress
Urbanization

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13
Q

Determinants of Health

A

Genetic Makeup
Age
Gender
Lifestyle choices
Community influences
Income status
Geographical location
Culture
Environmental factors
Work conditions
Education
Access to health services

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14
Q

General factors (determinants of health)

A

Political stability
Civil rights
Environmental degradation
Population growth/pressure
Urbanization
Development of country of residence

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15
Q

Multi-sectoral Dimension of the Determinants of Health
- malnutrition

A

more susceptible to disease and less likely to recover

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16
Q

Multi-sectoral Dimension of the Determinants of Health

  • cooking with wood and coal
A

Lung diseases

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17
Q

Multi-sectoral Dimension of the Determinants of Health

  • poor sanitation
A

More intestinal infections

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18
Q

Multi-sectoral Dimension of the Determinants of Health

  • poor life circumstances
A

Commercial sex work and STIs, HIV/AIDS

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19
Q

Multi-sectoral Dimension of the Determinants of Health

  • Advertising tobacco and alcohol
A

Addiction and related diseases

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20
Q

Multi-sectoral Dimension of the Determinants of Health

  • Rapid growth in vehicular traffic often with untrained drivers on unsafe roads
A

Road traffic accidents

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21
Q

Obtained from death certification but limited because of incomplete coverage

A

Cause of death

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22
Q

The average number of years a new-born baby could expect to live if current trends in mortality were to continue for the rest of the new-born’s life

A

Life expectancy at birth

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23
Q

The number of women who die as a result of childbirth and pregnancy related complications per 100,000 live births in a given year

A

Maternal mortality rate

24
Q

The number of deaths in infants under 1 year per 1,000 live births for a given year

A

Infant mortality rate

25
Q

The number of deaths among infants under 28 days in a given year per 1,000 live births in that year

A

Neonatal mortality rate

26
Q

The probability that a new-born will die before reaching the age of five years, expressed as a number per 1,000 live births

A

Child mortality rate

27
Q

The predominating attitudes and behavior that characterize the functioning of a group or organization

A

Culture

28
Q

a disorder of neuronal depolarisation vs. a form of possession/bad omen sent by the ancestors

A

Belief about health: Epilepsy

29
Q

ancestral problems requiring the assistance of traditional healer/spiritualist

A

Belief about health: Psychoses

30
Q

diversity, marginalization and vulnerability due to race, gender and ethnicity

A

Influence of culture of health

31
Q

The Global Burden of Disease
- Predicted changes in burden of disease from communicable to non-communicable between 2004 and 2030

A

Reduction in malaria, diarrhoeal disease, TB and HIV/AIDS
Increase in cardiovascular deaths, COPD, road traffic accidents and diabetes mellitus

32
Q

The Global Burden of Disease

A

Predicted changes in burden of disease from communicable to non-communicable between 2004 and 2030
Ageing populations in middle and low income countries
Socioeconomic growth with increased car ownership
Based on a ‘business as usual’ assumption

33
Q

Key Risk Factors for Various Health Conditions
- related to the top ten causes of mortality world wide

A

Tobacco use

34
Q

Key Risk Factors for Various Health Conditions
- related to high levels of diarrhoeal/water borne diseases

A

Poor sanitation and access to clean water

35
Q

Key Risk Factors for Various Health Conditions
- HIV/AIDS, sexually transmitted infections

A

Low condom use

36
Q

Key Risk Factors for Various Health Conditions
- under-nutrition (increased susceptibility to infectious diseases) and over-nutrition responsible for cardiovascular diseases, cancers, obesity etc.

A

Malnutrition

37
Q

comprises all organizations, institutions and resources devoted to producing actions whose primary intent is to improve health (WHO)

A

A health system

38
Q

Most national health systems consist:

A

Public, private, traditional, and informal sectors

39
Q

Health Patterns

A

Genetic Factors
Environmental Factors
Lifestyle Factors
Communicable vs Non-communiccable diseases

40
Q

Entry: oral
Colonization: small intestine
Symptoms: nausea, diarrhea, muscle cramps, shock

A

Cholera 1800s

41
Q

credited by many with developing the modern field of epidemiology

A

John Snow

42
Q

the branch of medicine which deals with the incidence, distribution, and possible control of diseases and other factors relating to health

A

Epidemiology

43
Q

John Snow’s observations

A

People with cholera developed immediate digestive problems: cramps, vomiting, diarrhea
Face, feet, hands shriveled and turned blue; died in less than a day
Probably spread by vomiting and diarrhea
Comparison of pump location with cholera deaths, first 3 days of epidemic in 1854

44
Q

Why has Cholera Re-emerged?

A

Deteriorating sanitary facilities as larger population moves into shanty towns
Trujullo, Peru – fear of cancer from chlorination so water untreated
Use of wastewater on crops
Africa – civil wars and drought caused migrations into camps

45
Q

How has Cholera Re-emerged?

A

Simultaneous appearance along whole coast of Peru
Traveled in ship ballast?
Traveled in plankton from Asia?
Always present in local zooplankton (copepods) but dormant until triggered by (vibrio cholerae?)

46
Q

Health Patterns in Poor Countries

A

Infectious/communicable diseases
Malnutrition related conditions
Trauma/ accidents

*many if these diseases are treatable

47
Q

infectious/ communicable diseases prevalent in poor countries

A

Vaccine prevalent diseases, e.g. measles
acute respiratory infections (ARI)
Diarrhoeal diseases (cholerra)
Malaria
Tuberculosis (TB)
Hepatitis
HIV/AIDS

48
Q

Malnutrition related conditions in poor countries

A

Calorie deficiencies
micro-nutrient deficiencies

49
Q

Health patterns in rich countries

A

Non-communicable diseases
*many of these deaths are related to lifestyle factors and are preventable

Lifestyle

50
Q

Non-communicable diseases prevalent in rich countries

A
  • causes of death (all ages)
    40% circulatory diseases, e.g. heart disease, strokes, etc.
    25% cancers
    16% respiratory diseases
    5% injuries and poisoning
    0.6% infectious diseases
    • premature mortality (<65):
      25% circulatory diseases
      33% cancers
      16% injuries (RTAs/Suicides) and Poisoning
      1% infectious diseases
51
Q

lifestyle factors affecting physical and mental health in rich countries

A

Smoking - one third of cancer deaths related to smoking
Drinking
Healthy eating/nutrition
Physical activity
Substance abuse

52
Q

Cholera Epidemiology

A

Of 83 people, only 10 lived closer to a different pump than Broad Street
Of these 10, 5 preferred taste of Broad Street water and 3 were children who went to nearby school
Snow convinced neighborhood council to let him remove handle from water pump on Broad Street
The new cases declined dramatically
Many on council not convinced by his evidence

53
Q

Snow Index Case

A

Index case is first person to become ill
40 Broad Street - husband and infant child became ill
Wife soaked diapers in pail and emptied pail into cistern next to pump

54
Q

The Great Experiment

A

Two water companies supplied central London
Lambeth Company: water intake upstream of London sewage outfall into Thames
Southwark & Vauxhall Company: water intake downstream of sewage outfall
Customers mixed in same neighborhood
Snow went door to door asking which water company served home and compared locations with cholera data

55
Q

Cholera in the 1990s

A

Epidemic in Peru beginning 1991
From 1991-1994
Cases 1,041,422
Deaths 9,642 (0.9%)
Originated at coast, spread inland

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