Global Health Flashcards
Global Health
- Health within the borders of each nation
- Health within population groups with unique cultures and languages
- Health across international borders and cultures
- Focus on health for all people worldwide
Globalization
Globalization- “the process of increasing social and economic dependence and integration as capital, goods, persons, concepts, images, ideas, and values cross state boundaries” (Nies& McEwen, 2019)
Global Threats to health
- Population Growth (patterns)
- Environments (Stressors)-pandemics/pollution
- Lifestyles and Behaviors
Population Growth
2016- 7.4 billion (Nies & McEwen, 2019).
2022- 7.9 billion (U.S. Census, 2022).
Projected to reach 8 billion by 2022 (United Nations, 2022)
10 most populous nations
- China 1,410,539,758
- India 1,389,637,446
- United States 332,838,183
- Indonesia 277,329,163
- Pakistan 242,923,845
- Nigeria 225,082,083
- Brazil 217,240,060
- Bangladesh 165,650,475
- Russia 142,021,981
- Mexico 129,150,971
Population Growth – Threat to health and health care systems
Population growth (99%) is expected in resource- poor countries
- Malnutrition
- Disease
- Death
Environmental Factors (Stressors) on Health
Directly assault a persons health
* Lead poisoning
* Air pollution
Consequences of neglect or failing infrastructures
* High level of lead
* Legionnaire disease
Stressors that may impact quality of life
* Crowding
* Noise
* Violence
Ecological Balance
* Wildfires
* Global Warming/climate change
Natural Disasters/wars/terrorism
Patterns of health and Disease
Developing vs Developed Countries
* Cause of disease differ
* Racial, ethnic, and access disparities exist
Developing Countries
* Infectious disease contribute to high mortality rates
Developed Countries
* Infectious disease profile → Chronic disease profile
How has the COVid-19 Pandemic Impacted Global Health
Global Health Security Index
- Overwhelmed health care systems
- Mental Health/psychological
- Health care workers
- Others?
Global HIV epidemic by the numbers
Malaria
Plasmodium falciparum
* Cases- 241 million estimated malaria cases in 85 malaria endemic countries in 2020
* Incidence- 5% global increase in malaria incidence between 2019 and 2020 due to service disruptions during the COVID-19 pandemic
* Mortality-12% global increase in estimated malaria deaths between 2019 and 2020;
* Deaths-47,000 additional deaths in 2020 were due to service disruptions during the COVID-19 pandemic
* https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/themes/malaria
Tobacco Use and Tobacco Control
- Global- 29 countries developed tobacco free policies/banned all forms of tobacco advertisement, promotion, and sponsorship
- World Framework Convention
- WHO (2008)- Mpower Monitor/Protect/Offer/Warn/Enforce/Raise
- State and Federal Mandates
- 1998 Tobacco Master Settlement
- Tobacco companies targeting youth and increasing international exports
International Agencies and Organizations
World Health Organization (WHO)
Pan American Health Organization (PAHO)
Non-Governmental Organizations
* Carter Center
* Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation
* United National International Children’s Emergency Fund (UNIFEF)
* Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
* International Council of Nurses (ICN)
* U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (USDHHS)
International Health Care delivery system
- A single model of health care delivery may not be acceptable for every country
- Participatory approach to health care delivery with societal commitment to address complex issues of poverty, disparity, and health care inaccessibility.
- We learn from each other
Delivery systems
Market based versus Population based
Re-engineering nursing roles and health care delivery
* NP specializations
* DNPs
* Solving complex health problems globally
Role of the Community Nurse- Global Health
Less Traditional
https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel
Research- evidence-based practices
Example-Model of Community Empowerment-Purpose= community assessment, education, and health care delivery.
If community is not fully engaged, the project will be unsustainable.
Community Assessment
Planning/intervention
Implementation
Evaluation
Health Service Delivery
Example-Home health care bridging the gap between hospital and community-based care.
Disaster preparedness and emergency response
Take Home Points
- Global Health requires commitment from society to address the complexities of poverty, disparity, and inaccessibility (Nies & McEwen, 2019).
- Nurses must be willing to have hands-on experiences with diverse populations. In doing so, they will learn to partner with other disciplines and organizations to solve emergent health problems worldwide.
- Global Health Nursing from the community health perspective requires specialized skills and broad/diverse knowledge of healthcare practices and systems.
Environmental Health
“All the physical, chemical, and biological factors external to a person, and all related behavior, but excluding those natural environments that cannot reasonably be modified.” (WHO, 2016).
Environmental Health - 5 pillars
Disease control,
Water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH),
Built environment,
Occupational health and
Food safety and hygiene (FSH)
Areas of environmental health
- Built environment
- Work-related exposures
- Outdoor air quality
- Healthy home
- Water quality
- Food safety
- Waste management
Healthy People 2030 Environmental Health Objectives
Reduce the number of days people are exposed to unhealthy air — EH‑01
Increase the proportion of schools with policies and practices that promote health and safety — EH‑D01
Increase trips to work made by mass transit — EH‑02
Reduce diseases and deaths related to heat — EH‑D02
Increase the proportion of people whose water supply meets Safe Drinking Water Act regulations — EH‑03
Reduce blood lead levels in children aged 1 to 5 years — EH‑04
Reduce health and environmental risks from hazardous sites — EH‑05
Reduce the amount of toxic pollutants released into the environment — EH‑06
Reduce exposure to arsenic — EH‑07
Reduce exposure to lead — EH‑08
Reduce exposure to mercury in children — EH‑09
Reduce exposure to bisphenol A — EH‑10
Reduce exposure to perchlorate — EH‑11
Critical Theory Approach To Environmental Health
Upstream Thinking
Ask the tough questions
Involve the community
Implement change
Monitor for the effects of the change
landmark federal environmental legislation
1970-Clean Air Act
1971-Lead-based Paint Poisoning Prevention Act
1972-Clean Water Act
1974-Safe Drinking Water Act
Flint Water Crisis
Water Decisions taken by emergency managers - switching from Lake Huron to the Flint River
Outbreak of legionnaire’s disease
incidence of lead poisoning in children doubled
56% population is black, 40% living below poverty line
only a fraction of white inhabitants living under EM
PTSD related to water supply, wanting to leave
decrease in home values - adversely affecting residents
