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Global Governance - Antarctica Flashcards

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1
Q

What is most of continents coastline fringed by

A

Ice shelves

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2
Q

Example of ice shelf in Antarctica

A

Ross ice shelf in the Ross sea- covers more than the British Isles

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3
Q

What is the Antarctic Convergence

A

A curve continuously encircling Antarctica where cold northward flowing Antarctica waters meet the relatively warmer waters of the sub-Antarctic

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4
Q

How wide is the Antarctic Convergence

A

32 to 48 km wide

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5
Q

What does the Antarctic Convergence separate

A
  • 2 distinct hydrological regions
  • areas of distinct climate
  • areas of distinctive wild life
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6
Q

What does the warmer and colder waters meeting create

A

A highly productive marine environment for plantlife and animals e.g. krill due to the mixing and upwelling currents

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7
Q

What happens at the Antarctic Convergence

A

Warm, more saline waters coming south from the tropics meet the cold, denser and mainly non-saline waters moving north from the Antarctic.

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8
Q

What is the Antarctic Circumpolar Current

A

The largest surface current in the world which flows around Antarctica, blocking warmer waters travelling southwards

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9
Q

What percentage is Antarctica covered by ice

A

97%

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10
Q

What divides the continent into East Antarctica and West Antarctica

A

The Transantarctic Mountains

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11
Q

What is the average temp in Antarctica

A

-49 degrees

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12
Q

What’s the mean annual wind speed

A

50 moth

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13
Q

What is the mean annual precipitation

A

Less than 50 mm, can be described as a polar desert

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14
Q

What are the thick ice sheets a result of

A

Accumulation of small inputs of snow and frost over a very long period of time

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15
Q

What type of climate do some coastal areas have

A

Micro climate and topographic conditions which cause enough melting during summer months to allow some land to remain free of glaciers

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16
Q

What are the 4 threats to Antarctica

A

Fishing and whaling
Climate change
Search for mineral resources
Tourism and scientific research

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17
Q

When did exploitation of marine life start

A

Antarcticas discovery in 18th century led to economic activities e.g. fishing, whaling, seating

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18
Q

What is beneath the ice of West Antarctica

A

An archipelago of steep mountainous islands

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19
Q

Why is the environment extremely fragile

A

It’s east to disrupt any part of it with knock on effects

Environmental recovery is slow - e.g. footprints on moss can remain for decades

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20
Q

How low have dry valleys not had precipitation for

A

Over 2 million years

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21
Q

When were fur seals of South Georgia wiped out

A

By 1800 and 3 years later virtually eradicated from South Shetland islands

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22
Q

When did whaling have a more deviating effect

A

19th century

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23
Q

What 3 nationalities exploited blue and white whales in 19th century

A

Norwegian, British and American

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24
Q

What were whales exploited for

A

In 19th century oil and baleen

In 20th century meat extract and frozen whale meat

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25
What has recently raised concerns about overfishing
Russian and Japanese exploitation of S. ocean for rock cod and krill
26
What is the most killed fished creature
Antarctica krill in 2013 over 200,000 tonnes were fished
27
Why do some people still kill whale even though whaling has been banned
‘Scientific purposes’
28
Why does it take a long time for whale stocks to replenish
Whales are slow breeding
29
What do known mineral deposits include
Coal, oil, manganese, titanium, gold and silver including oil under the S. ocean
30
What would mineral exploitation have to overcome
The seriously hostile environment e.g. inaccessibility the extreme climate and deep covering of moving ice sheetand glaciers
31
Who is the continent populated by
Scientists at a small no of permanent research stations. These scientist are well briefed about the need for care of the environment
32
Why are scientists a threat
Any activity is bound to create some degree of disturbance. Impacts are caused by vehicle exhausts, construction of buildings and related facilities e.g. fuel storages
33
What are the 3 types of Antarctic tourism
Camping trips for naturalists Ship-board visits Over- flights
34
Why do people visit Antarctica
It’s isolations Landscapes Wildlife
35
How many tourists where there in Antarctica in 2011-12
27,000
36
How many tourists were their in 1980s
<2000
37
How does tourism affect the environment
Air travel and shipping leads to water and air pollution. Fuel spills could be caused if boats hit icebergs
38
How can tourism affect wildlife
Disturb breeding colonies of birds | Trampling damages fragile vegetation and erodes the landscape
39
What are the Antarctic Treaty System rules
One ship at a time landing Limiting number of tourists ashore and time ashore Toilet waste is barrelled and transported home Keep specific distance away from wildlife
40
What type of people are likely to visit
As tourism is financially exclusive tourists are mainly responsible, well educated and environmentally aware
41
How much has Antarctica warmed by in the past 50 years
3 degrees
42
What ice shelves have melted as a result of climate change
sheets around the weddell and Ross sea
43
What type of penguin are adapted to sea ice
Adélie penguins
44
What has increased the ice shelves melting
Sea levels rising making the edges of ice shelves unstable
45
What is ocean acidification
When carbonic acid making the slightly alkaline ocean become less alkaline
46
Why is the east Antarctic sheet thickening
Warmer sea increase evaporation to condense into cloud droplets and falls as extra snow in the frozen interior. This only slows sea level rise slightly
47
Why has the West Antarctic ice sheet become thinner
The temp of western Antarctica has risen
48
How much have temps risen in the Antarctic Peninsula in the past 60 yrs
Temps have risen by 0.5 degrees every decade- up to 5x faster than rest of the world and ice shelves have been breaking up
49
Who governs Antarctica
It’s not a nation state although 7 countries have made territorial claims to segments of Antarctica
50
What is the Antarctic Treaty System (ATS)
The main remedy for the international governance of Antarctica
51
When was the Antarctic Treaty signed
Dec 1959 12 nations signed this agreement including USA and USSR
52
Why was the Antarctic Treaty created
Avoid disagreement ps and conflict Resolve disputes over ownership and mining rights Establish guidelines to limit development on the continent
53
What would the ATS do
Guarantee free access and research rights to all countries Prohibit military activity such as nuclear bomb testing Ban the dumping of nuclear waste
54
What is the purpose of the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty (1991) (Madrid Protocol)
It’s purpose is to give extra protection to the environment of Antarctica, especially against mineral exploitation
55
What global institutions is Antarctica governed by
International Whaling Commission (IWC) The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) The Commission of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR)
56
What is the International Whaling Commissions (IWC)
Responsible for regulating whaling and ensuring that the whale population is at a sustainable level.
57
What did the IWC set up in 1994
A whale sanctuary in the S. ocean to protect whales
58
What does the UNEP do
Governs the world’s environment
59
What do countries that signed the UNEP agree to
Ban all mineral resource activity including exploitation of the continental shelf Promote comprehensive monitoring and assessment in order to minimise human impacts on the fragile ecosystems
60
When was the IWC established
1946
61
Why are NGOs vital in Antarctica
As govs alone can’t help to monitor, understand or control every aspect of Antarctica
62
What do NGOs provide
Expertise, champion causes, contribute independent perspectives, rally public support. E.g. through social media and provoke action
63
Examples of NGOs
The Antarctic and Southern Ocean Coalition (ASOC)
64
Why have ASOC been successful
When a precautionary ecosystem approach was embedded into the Antarctic Treaty and blocking the Minerals Convention
65
What were the ASOCs initial objectives
Conclude negotiations of the world’s first ecosystem as a whole treaty on fishing Prevent oil, gas and minerals exploitation by blocking ratification of the proposed Minerals convention
66
When was ASOC formed
1978
67
What does the ASOC monitor
Monitors environmental changes in Antarctica and checks if countries are sticking to the rules Also monitors the effects of climate change e.g. by checking melting ice and sea levels around Antarctica
68
What was the CCAMLR a response to
Over exploitation of several marine resources in the S. ocean in 1960s and 1970s
69
When was CCAMLR established
1982
70
Limitations of the ATS
Problematic decision making
71
Successes of ATS
Has been recognised as one of the most successful sets of international agreements setting an example of peaceful cooperation for the rest of the world There has still been no major problems
72
What is the ASOC
An umbrella group with 30 different NGOs
73
What NGOs fall under the ASOC
Worldwide Fund for Nature (WWF) Friend of the Earth Greenpeace
74
What do the ASOC currently campaign for
Negotiating a legally binding Polar Code covering all vessels operating in S. Ocean Mitigating impacts of climate change Strengthening Whale Sanctuary
75
Why does the IWC try to provide
Complete protection of certain whale species Established limits on the numbers and size of whales which may be taken Prohibition on capture of suckling calves and female whales accompanied by calves
76
What is the purpose of the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty (1991)
It’s purpose is to give extra protection to the environment of Antarctica, especially against mineral exploitation
77
What global institutions is Antarctica governed by
International Whaling Commission (IWC) The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) The Commission of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR)
78
What is the International Whaling Commissions (IWC)
Responsible for regulating whaling and ensuring that the whale population is at a sustainable level.
79
What did the IWC set up in 1994
A whale sanctuary in the S. ocean to protect whales
80
What does the UNEP do
Governs the world’s environment
81
What do countries that signed the UNEP agree to
Ban all mineral resource activity including exploitation of the continental shelf Promote comprehensive monitoring and assessment in order to minimise human impacts on the fragile ecosystems
82
When was the IWC established
1946
83
Why are NGOs vital in Antarctica
As govs alone can’t help to monitor, understand or control every aspect of Antarctica
84
What do NGOs provide
Expertise, champion causes, contribute independent perspectives, rally public support. E.g. through social media and provoke action
85
Examples of NGOs
The Antarctic and Southern Ocean Coalition (ASOC)
86
Why have ASOC been successful
When a precautionary ecosystem approach was embedded into the Antarctic Treaty and blocking the Minerals Convention
87
What were the ASOCs initial objectives
Conclude negotiations of the world’s first ecosystem as a whole treaty on fishing Prevent oil, gas and minerals exploitation by blocking ratification of the proposed Minerals convention
88
When was ASOC formed
1978
89
What does the ASOC monitor
Monitors environmental changes in Antarctica and checks if countries are sticking to the rules Also monitors the effects of climate change e.g. by checking melting ice and sea levels around Antarctica
90
What was the CCAMLR a response to
Over exploitation of several marine resources in the S. ocean in 1960s and 1970s
91
When was CCAMLR established
1982
92
Limitations of the ATS
Problematic decision making
93
Successes of ATS
Has been recognised as one of the most successful sets of international agreements setting an example of peaceful cooperation for the rest of the world There has still been no major problems
94
What is the ASOC
An umbrella group with 30 different NGOs
95
What NGOs fall under the ASOC
Worldwide Fund for Nature (WWF) Friend of the Earth Greenpeace
96
What is the purpose of the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty (1991)
It’s purpose is to give extra protection to the environment of Antarctica, especially against mineral exploitation
97
What global institutions is Antarctica governed by
International Whaling Commission (IWC) The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) The Commission of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR)
98
What is the International Whaling Commissions (IWC)
Responsible for regulating whaling and ensuring that the whale population is at a sustainable level.
99
What did the IWC set up in 1994
A whale sanctuary in the S. ocean to protect whales
100
What does the UNEP do
Governs the world’s environment
101
What do countries that signed the UNEP agree to
Ban all mineral resource activity including exploitation of the continental shelf Promote comprehensive monitoring and assessment in order to minimise human impacts on the fragile ecosystems
102
When was the IWC established
1946
103
Why are NGOs vital in Antarctica
As govs alone can’t help to monitor, understand or control every aspect of Antarctica
104
What do NGOs provide
Expertise, champion causes, contribute independent perspectives, rally public support. E.g. through social media and provoke action
105
Examples of NGOs
The Antarctic and Southern Ocean Coalition (ASOC)
106
Why have ASOC been successful
When a precautionary ecosystem approach was embedded into the Antarctic Treaty and blocking the Minerals Convention
107
What were the ASOCs initial objectives
Conclude negotiations of the world’s first ecosystem as a whole treaty on fishing Prevent oil, gas and minerals exploitation by blocking ratification of the proposed Minerals convention
108
When was ASOC formed
1978
109
What does the ASOC monitor
Monitors environmental changes in Antarctica and checks if countries are sticking to the rules Also monitors the effects of climate change e.g. by checking melting ice and sea levels around Antarctica
110
What was the CCAMLR a response to
Over exploitation of several marine resources in the S. ocean in 1960s and 1970s
111
When was CCAMLR established
1982
112
Limitations of the ATS
Problematic decision making
113
Successes of ATS
Has been recognised as one of the most successful sets of international agreements setting an example of peaceful cooperation for the rest of the world There has still been no major problems
114
What is the ASOC
An umbrella group with 30 different NGOs
115
What NGOs fall under the ASOC
Worldwide Fund for Nature (WWF) Friend of the Earth Greenpeace
116
What is the purpose of the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty (1991)
It’s purpose is to give extra protection to the environment of Antarctica, especially against mineral exploitation
117
What global institutions is Antarctica governed by
International Whaling Commission (IWC) The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) The Commission of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR)
118
What is the International Whaling Commissions (IWC)
Responsible for regulating whaling and ensuring that the whale population is at a sustainable level.
119
What did the IWC set up in 1994
A whale sanctuary in the S. ocean to protect whales
120
What does the UNEP do
Governs the world’s environment
121
What do countries that signed the UNEP agree to
Ban all mineral resource activity including exploitation of the continental shelf Promote comprehensive monitoring and assessment in order to minimise human impacts on the fragile ecosystems
122
When was the IWC established
1946
123
Why are NGOs vital in Antarctica
As govs alone can’t help to monitor, understand or control every aspect of Antarctica
124
What do NGOs provide
Expertise, champion causes, contribute independent perspectives, rally public support. E.g. through social media and provoke action
125
Examples of NGOs
The Antarctic and Southern Ocean Coalition (ASOC)
126
Why have ASOC been successful
When a precautionary ecosystem approach was embedded into the Antarctic Treaty and blocking the Minerals Convention
127
What were the ASOCs initial objectives
Conclude negotiations of the world’s first ecosystem as a whole treaty on fishing Prevent oil, gas and minerals exploitation by blocking ratification of the proposed Minerals convention
128
When was ASOC formed
1978
129
What does the ASOC monitor
Monitors environmental changes in Antarctica and checks if countries are sticking to the rules Also monitors the effects of climate change e.g. by checking melting ice and sea levels around Antarctica
130
What was the CCAMLR a response to
Over exploitation of several marine resources in the S. ocean in 1960s and 1970s
131
When was CCAMLR established
1982
132
Limitations of the ATS
Problematic decision making
133
Successes of ATS
Has been recognised as one of the most successful sets of international agreements setting an example of peaceful cooperation for the rest of the world There has still been no major problems
134
What is the ASOC
An umbrella group with 30 different NGOs
135
What NGOs fall under the ASOC
Worldwide Fund for Nature (WWF) Friend of the Earth Greenpeace
136
What is the purpose of the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty (1991)
It’s purpose is to give extra protection to the environment of Antarctica, especially against mineral exploitation
137
What global institutions is Antarctica governed by
International Whaling Commission (IWC) The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) The Commission of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR)
138
What is the International Whaling Commissions (IWC)
Responsible for regulating whaling and ensuring that the whale population is at a sustainable level.
139
What did the IWC set up in 1994
A whale sanctuary in the S. ocean to protect whales
140
What does the UNEP do
Governs the world’s environment
141
What do countries that signed the UNEP agree to
Ban all mineral resource activity including exploitation of the continental shelf Promote comprehensive monitoring and assessment in order to minimise human impacts on the fragile ecosystems
142
When was the IWC established
1946
143
Why are NGOs vital in Antarctica
As govs alone can’t help to monitor, understand or control every aspect of Antarctica
144
What do NGOs provide
Expertise, champion causes, contribute independent perspectives, rally public support. E.g. through social media and provoke action
145
Examples of NGOs
The Antarctic and Southern Ocean Coalition (ASOC)
146
Why have ASOC been successful
When a precautionary ecosystem approach was embedded into the Antarctic Treaty and blocking the Minerals Convention
147
What were the ASOCs initial objectives
Conclude negotiations of the world’s first ecosystem as a whole treaty on fishing Prevent oil, gas and minerals exploitation by blocking ratification of the proposed Minerals convention
148
When was ASOC formed
1978
149
What does the ASOC monitor
Monitors environmental changes in Antarctica and checks if countries are sticking to the rules Also monitors the effects of climate change e.g. by checking melting ice and sea levels around Antarctica
150
What was the CCAMLR a response to
Over exploitation of several marine resources in the S. ocean in 1960s and 1970s
151
When was CCAMLR established
1982
152
Limitations of the ATS
Problematic decision making
153
Successes of ATS
Has been recognised as one of the most successful sets of international agreements setting an example of peaceful cooperation for the rest of the world There has still been no major problems
154
What is the ASOC
An umbrella group with 30 different NGOs
155
What NGOs fall under the ASOC
Worldwide Fund for Nature (WWF) Friend of the Earth Greenpeace
156
What is the purpose of the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty (1991)
It’s purpose is to give extra protection to the environment of Antarctica, especially against mineral exploitation
157
What global institutions is Antarctica governed by
International Whaling Commission (IWC) The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) The Commission of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR)
158
What is the International Whaling Commissions (IWC)
Responsible for regulating whaling and ensuring that the whale population is at a sustainable level.
159
What did the IWC set up in 1994
A whale sanctuary in the S. ocean to protect whales
160
What does the UNEP do
Governs the world’s environment
161
What do countries that signed the UNEP agree to
Ban all mineral resource activity including exploitation of the continental shelf Promote comprehensive monitoring and assessment in order to minimise human impacts on the fragile ecosystems
162
When was the IWC established
1946
163
Why are NGOs vital in Antarctica
As govs alone can’t help to monitor, understand or control every aspect of Antarctica
164
What do NGOs provide
Expertise, champion causes, contribute independent perspectives, rally public support. E.g. through social media and provoke action
165
Examples of NGOs
The Antarctic and Southern Ocean Coalition (ASOC)
166
Why have ASOC been successful
When a precautionary ecosystem approach was embedded into the Antarctic Treaty and blocking the Minerals Convention
167
What were the ASOCs initial objectives
Conclude negotiations of the world’s first ecosystem as a whole treaty on fishing Prevent oil, gas and minerals exploitation by blocking ratification of the proposed Minerals convention
168
When was ASOC formed
1978
169
What does the ASOC monitor
Monitors environmental changes in Antarctica and checks if countries are sticking to the rules Also monitors the effects of climate change e.g. by checking melting ice and sea levels around Antarctica
170
What was the CCAMLR a response to
Over exploitation of several marine resources in the S. ocean in 1960s and 1970s
171
When was CCAMLR established
1982
172
Limitations of the ATS
Problematic decision making
173
Successes of ATS
Has been recognised as one of the most successful sets of international agreements setting an example of peaceful cooperation for the rest of the world There has still been no major problems
174
What is the ASOC
An umbrella group with 30 different NGOs
175
What NGOs fall under the ASOC
Worldwide Fund for Nature (WWF) Friend of the Earth Greenpeace
176
What is the purpose of the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty (1991)
It’s purpose is to give extra protection to the environment of Antarctica, especially against mineral exploitation
177
What global institutions is Antarctica governed by
International Whaling Commission (IWC) The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) The Commission of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR)
178
What is the International Whaling Commissions (IWC)
Responsible for regulating whaling and ensuring that the whale population is at a sustainable level.
179
What did the IWC set up in 1994
A whale sanctuary in the S. ocean to protect whales
180
What does the UNEP do
Governs the world’s environment
181
What do countries that signed the UNEP agree to
Ban all mineral resource activity including exploitation of the continental shelf Promote comprehensive monitoring and assessment in order to minimise human impacts on the fragile ecosystems
182
When was the IWC established
1946
183
Why are NGOs vital in Antarctica
As govs alone can’t help to monitor, understand or control every aspect of Antarctica
184
What do NGOs provide
Expertise, champion causes, contribute independent perspectives, rally public support. E.g. through social media and provoke action
185
Examples of NGOs
The Antarctic and Southern Ocean Coalition (ASOC)
186
Why have ASOC been successful
When a precautionary ecosystem approach was embedded into the Antarctic Treaty and blocking the Minerals Convention
187
What were the ASOCs initial objectives
Conclude negotiations of the world’s first ecosystem as a whole treaty on fishing Prevent oil, gas and minerals exploitation by blocking ratification of the proposed Minerals convention
188
When was ASOC formed
1978
189
What does the ASOC monitor
Monitors environmental changes in Antarctica and checks if countries are sticking to the rules Also monitors the effects of climate change e.g. by checking melting ice and sea levels around Antarctica
190
What was the CCAMLR a response to
Over exploitation of several marine resources in the S. ocean in 1960s and 1970s
191
When was CCAMLR established
1982
192
Limitations of the ATS
Problematic decision making
193
Successes of ATS
Has been recognised as one of the most successful sets of international agreements setting an example of peaceful cooperation for the rest of the world There has still been no major problems
194
What is the ASOC
An umbrella group with 30 different NGOs
195
What NGOs fall under the ASOC
Worldwide Fund for Nature (WWF) Friend of the Earth Greenpeace
196
What is the purpose of the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty (1991)
It’s purpose is to give extra protection to the environment of Antarctica, especially against mineral exploitation
197
What global institutions is Antarctica governed by
International Whaling Commission (IWC) The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) The Commission of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR)
198
What is the International Whaling Commissions (IWC)
Responsible for regulating whaling and ensuring that the whale population is at a sustainable level.
199
What did the IWC set up in 1994
A whale sanctuary in the S. ocean to protect whales
200
What does the UNEP do
Governs the world’s environment
201
What do countries that signed the UNEP agree to
Ban all mineral resource activity including exploitation of the continental shelf Promote comprehensive monitoring and assessment in order to minimise human impacts on the fragile ecosystems
202
When was the IWC established
1946
203
Why are NGOs vital in Antarctica
As govs alone can’t help to monitor, understand or control every aspect of Antarctica
204
What do NGOs provide
Expertise, champion causes, contribute independent perspectives, rally public support. E.g. through social media and provoke action
205
Examples of NGOs
The Antarctic and Southern Ocean Coalition (ASOC)
206
Why have ASOC been successful
When a precautionary ecosystem approach was embedded into the Antarctic Treaty and blocking the Minerals Convention
207
What were the ASOCs initial objectives
Conclude negotiations of the world’s first ecosystem as a whole treaty on fishing Prevent oil, gas and minerals exploitation by blocking ratification of the proposed Minerals convention
208
When was ASOC formed
1978
209
What does the ASOC monitor
Monitors environmental changes in Antarctica and checks if countries are sticking to the rules Also monitors the effects of climate change e.g. by checking melting ice and sea levels around Antarctica
210
What was the CCAMLR a response to
Over exploitation of several marine resources in the S. ocean in 1960s and 1970s
211
When was CCAMLR established
1982
212
Limitations of the ATS
Problematic decision making
213
Successes of ATS
Has been recognised as one of the most successful sets of international agreements setting an example of peaceful cooperation for the rest of the world There has still been no major problems
214
What is the ASOC
An umbrella group with 30 different NGOs
215
What NGOs fall under the ASOC
Worldwide Fund for Nature (WWF) Friend of the Earth Greenpeace
216
What is the purpose of the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty (1991)
It’s purpose is to give extra protection to the environment of Antarctica, especially against mineral exploitation
217
What global institutions is Antarctica governed by
International Whaling Commission (IWC) The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) The Commission of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR)
218
What is the International Whaling Commissions (IWC)
Responsible for regulating whaling and ensuring that the whale population is at a sustainable level.
219
What did the IWC set up in 1994
A whale sanctuary in the S. ocean to protect whales
220
What does the UNEP do
Governs the world’s environment
221
What do countries that signed the UNEP agree to
Ban all mineral resource activity including exploitation of the continental shelf Promote comprehensive monitoring and assessment in order to minimise human impacts on the fragile ecosystems
222
When was the IWC established
1946
223
Why are NGOs vital in Antarctica
As govs alone can’t help to monitor, understand or control every aspect of Antarctica
224
What do NGOs provide
Expertise, champion causes, contribute independent perspectives, rally public support. E.g. through social media and provoke action
225
Examples of NGOs
The Antarctic and Southern Ocean Coalition (ASOC)
226
Why have ASOC been successful
When a precautionary ecosystem approach was embedded into the Antarctic Treaty and blocking the Minerals Convention
227
What were the ASOCs initial objectives
Conclude negotiations of the world’s first ecosystem as a whole treaty on fishing Prevent oil, gas and minerals exploitation by blocking ratification of the proposed Minerals convention
228
When was ASOC formed
1978
229
What does the ASOC monitor
Monitors environmental changes in Antarctica and checks if countries are sticking to the rules Also monitors the effects of climate change e.g. by checking melting ice and sea levels around Antarctica
230
What was the CCAMLR a response to
Over exploitation of several marine resources in the S. ocean in 1960s and 1970s
231
When was CCAMLR established
1982
232
Limitations of the ATS
Problematic decision making
233
Successes of ATS
Has been recognised as one of the most successful sets of international agreements setting an example of peaceful cooperation for the rest of the world There has still been no major problems
234
What is the ASOC
An umbrella group with 30 different NGOs
235
What NGOs fall under the ASOC
Worldwide Fund for Nature (WWF) Friend of the Earth Greenpeace
236
What is the purpose of the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty (1991)
It’s purpose is to give extra protection to the environment of Antarctica, especially against mineral exploitation
237
What global institutions is Antarctica governed by
International Whaling Commission (IWC) The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) The Commission of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR)
238
What is the International Whaling Commissions (IWC)
Responsible for regulating whaling and ensuring that the whale population is at a sustainable level.
239
What did the IWC set up in 1994
A whale sanctuary in the S. ocean to protect whales
240
What does the UNEP do
Governs the world’s environment
241
What do countries that signed the UNEP agree to
Ban all mineral resource activity including exploitation of the continental shelf Promote comprehensive monitoring and assessment in order to minimise human impacts on the fragile ecosystems
242
When was the IWC established
1946
243
Why are NGOs vital in Antarctica
As govs alone can’t help to monitor, understand or control every aspect of Antarctica
244
What do NGOs provide
Expertise, champion causes, contribute independent perspectives, rally public support. E.g. through social media and provoke action
245
Examples of NGOs
The Antarctic and Southern Ocean Coalition (ASOC)
246
Why have ASOC been successful
When a precautionary ecosystem approach was embedded into the Antarctic Treaty and blocking the Minerals Convention
247
What were the ASOCs initial objectives
Conclude negotiations of the world’s first ecosystem as a whole treaty on fishing Prevent oil, gas and minerals exploitation by blocking ratification of the proposed Minerals convention
248
When was ASOC formed
1978
249
What does the ASOC monitor
Monitors environmental changes in Antarctica and checks if countries are sticking to the rules Also monitors the effects of climate change e.g. by checking melting ice and sea levels around Antarctica
250
What was the CCAMLR a response to
Over exploitation of several marine resources in the S. ocean in 1960s and 1970s
251
When was CCAMLR established
1982
252
Limitations of the ATS
Problematic decision making
253
Successes of ATS
Has been recognised as one of the most successful sets of international agreements setting an example of peaceful cooperation for the rest of the world There has still been no major problems
254
What is the ASOC
An umbrella group with 30 different NGOs
255
What NGOs fall under the ASOC
Worldwide Fund for Nature (WWF) Friend of the Earth Greenpeace
256
What is the purpose of the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty (1991)
It’s purpose is to give extra protection to the environment of Antarctica, especially against mineral exploitation
257
What global institutions is Antarctica governed by
International Whaling Commission (IWC) The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) The Commission of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR)
258
What is the International Whaling Commissions (IWC)
Responsible for regulating whaling and ensuring that the whale population is at a sustainable level.
259
What did the IWC set up in 1994
A whale sanctuary in the S. ocean to protect whales
260
What does the UNEP do
Governs the world’s environment
261
What do countries that signed the UNEP agree to
Ban all mineral resource activity including exploitation of the continental shelf Promote comprehensive monitoring and assessment in order to minimise human impacts on the fragile ecosystems
262
When was the IWC established
1946
263
Why are NGOs vital in Antarctica
As govs alone can’t help to monitor, understand or control every aspect of Antarctica
264
What do NGOs provide
Expertise, champion causes, contribute independent perspectives, rally public support. E.g. through social media and provoke action
265
Examples of NGOs
The Antarctic and Southern Ocean Coalition (ASOC)
266
Why have ASOC been successful
When a precautionary ecosystem approach was embedded into the Antarctic Treaty and blocking the Minerals Convention
267
What were the ASOCs initial objectives
Conclude negotiations of the world’s first ecosystem as a whole treaty on fishing Prevent oil, gas and minerals exploitation by blocking ratification of the proposed Minerals convention
268
When was ASOC formed
1978
269
What does the ASOC monitor
Monitors environmental changes in Antarctica and checks if countries are sticking to the rules Also monitors the effects of climate change e.g. by checking melting ice and sea levels around Antarctica
270
What was the CCAMLR a response to
Over exploitation of several marine resources in the S. ocean in 1960s and 1970s
271
When was CCAMLR established
1982
272
Limitations of the ATS
Problematic decision making
273
Successes of ATS
Has been recognised as one of the most successful sets of international agreements setting an example of peaceful cooperation for the rest of the world There has still been no major problems
274
What is the ASOC
An umbrella group with 30 different NGOs
275
What NGOs fall under the ASOC
Worldwide Fund for Nature (WWF) Friend of the Earth Greenpeace
276
What is the purpose of the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty (1991)
It’s purpose is to give extra protection to the environment of Antarctica, especially against mineral exploitation
277
What global institutions is Antarctica governed by
International Whaling Commission (IWC) The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) The Commission of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR)
278
What is the International Whaling Commissions (IWC)
Responsible for regulating whaling and ensuring that the whale population is at a sustainable level.
279
What did the IWC set up in 1994
A whale sanctuary in the S. ocean to protect whales
280
What does the UNEP do
Governs the world’s environment
281
What do countries that signed the UNEP agree to
Ban all mineral resource activity including exploitation of the continental shelf Promote comprehensive monitoring and assessment in order to minimise human impacts on the fragile ecosystems
282
When was the IWC established
1946
283
Why are NGOs vital in Antarctica
As govs alone can’t help to monitor, understand or control every aspect of Antarctica
284
What do NGOs provide
Expertise, champion causes, contribute independent perspectives, rally public support. E.g. through social media and provoke action
285
Examples of NGOs
The Antarctic and Southern Ocean Coalition (ASOC)
286
Why have ASOC been successful
When a precautionary ecosystem approach was embedded into the Antarctic Treaty and blocking the Minerals Convention
287
What were the ASOCs initial objectives
Conclude negotiations of the world’s first ecosystem as a whole treaty on fishing Prevent oil, gas and minerals exploitation by blocking ratification of the proposed Minerals convention
288
When was ASOC formed
1978
289
What does the ASOC monitor
Monitors environmental changes in Antarctica and checks if countries are sticking to the rules Also monitors the effects of climate change e.g. by checking melting ice and sea levels around Antarctica
290
What was the CCAMLR a response to
Over exploitation of several marine resources in the S. ocean in 1960s and 1970s
291
When was CCAMLR established
1982
292
Limitations of the ATS
Problematic decision making
293
Successes of ATS
Has been recognised as one of the most successful sets of international agreements setting an example of peaceful cooperation for the rest of the world There has still been no major problems
294
What is the ASOC
An umbrella group with 30 different NGOs
295
What NGOs fall under the ASOC
Worldwide Fund for Nature (WWF) Friend of the Earth Greenpeace
296
What is the purpose of the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty (1991)
It’s purpose is to give extra protection to the environment of Antarctica, especially against mineral exploitation
297
What global institutions is Antarctica governed by
International Whaling Commission (IWC) The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) The Commission of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR)
298
What is the International Whaling Commissions (IWC)
Responsible for regulating whaling and ensuring that the whale population is at a sustainable level.
299
What did the IWC set up in 1994
A whale sanctuary in the S. ocean to protect whales
300
What does the UNEP do
Governs the world’s environment
301
What do countries that signed the UNEP agree to
Ban all mineral resource activity including exploitation of the continental shelf Promote comprehensive monitoring and assessment in order to minimise human impacts on the fragile ecosystems
302
When was the IWC established
1946
303
Why are NGOs vital in Antarctica
As govs alone can’t help to monitor, understand or control every aspect of Antarctica
304
What do NGOs provide
Expertise, champion causes, contribute independent perspectives, rally public support. E.g. through social media and provoke action
305
Examples of NGOs
The Antarctic and Southern Ocean Coalition (ASOC)
306
Why have ASOC been successful
When a precautionary ecosystem approach was embedded into the Antarctic Treaty and blocking the Minerals Convention
307
What were the ASOCs initial objectives
Conclude negotiations of the world’s first ecosystem as a whole treaty on fishing Prevent oil, gas and minerals exploitation by blocking ratification of the proposed Minerals convention
308
When was ASOC formed
1978
309
What does the ASOC monitor
Monitors environmental changes in Antarctica and checks if countries are sticking to the rules Also monitors the effects of climate change e.g. by checking melting ice and sea levels around Antarctica
310
What was the CCAMLR a response to
Over exploitation of several marine resources in the S. ocean in 1960s and 1970s
311
When was CCAMLR established
1982
312
Limitations of the ATS
Problematic decision making
313
Successes of ATS
Has been recognised as one of the most successful sets of international agreements setting an example of peaceful cooperation for the rest of the world There has still been no major problems
314
What is the ASOC
An umbrella group with 30 different NGOs
315
What NGOs fall under the ASOC
Worldwide Fund for Nature (WWF) Friend of the Earth Greenpeace
316
What is the purpose of the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty (1991)
It’s purpose is to give extra protection to the environment of Antarctica, especially against mineral exploitation
317
What global institutions is Antarctica governed by
International Whaling Commission (IWC) The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) The Commission of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR)
318
What is the International Whaling Commissions (IWC)
Responsible for regulating whaling and ensuring that the whale population is at a sustainable level.
319
What did the IWC set up in 1994
A whale sanctuary in the S. ocean to protect whales
320
What does the UNEP do
Governs the world’s environment
321
What do countries that signed the UNEP agree to
Ban all mineral resource activity including exploitation of the continental shelf Promote comprehensive monitoring and assessment in order to minimise human impacts on the fragile ecosystems
322
When was the IWC established
1946
323
Why are NGOs vital in Antarctica
As govs alone can’t help to monitor, understand or control every aspect of Antarctica
324
What do NGOs provide
Expertise, champion causes, contribute independent perspectives, rally public support. E.g. through social media and provoke action
325
Examples of NGOs
The Antarctic and Southern Ocean Coalition (ASOC)
326
Why have ASOC been successful
Work of the Antarctic Ocean Alliance (AOA), a project of ASOC champions the case for designing marine protected areas and marine reserves in East Antarctica, the Ross sea and the Weddell sea
327
What were the ASOCs initial objectives
Conclude negotiations of the world’s first ecosystem as a whole treaty on fishing Prevent oil, gas and minerals exploitation by blocking ratification of the proposed Minerals convention
328
When was ASOC formed
1978
329
What does the ASOC monitor
Monitors environmental changes in Antarctica and checks if countries are sticking to the rules Also monitors the effects of climate change e.g. by checking melting ice and sea levels around Antarctica
330
What was the CCAMLR a response to
Over exploitation of several marine resources in the S. ocean in 1960s and 1970s
331
When was CCAMLR established
1982
332
Limitations of the ATS
Problematic decision making
333
Successes of ATS
Has been recognised as one of the most successful sets of international agreements setting an example of peaceful cooperation for the rest of the world There has still been no major problems
334
What is the purpose of the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty (1991)
It’s purpose is to give extra protection to the environment of Antarctica, especially against mineral exploitation
335
What global institutions is Antarctica governed by
International Whaling Commission (IWC) The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) The Commission of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR)
336
What is the International Whaling Commissions (IWC)
Responsible for regulating whaling and ensuring that the whale population is at a sustainable level.
337
What did the IWC set up in 1994
A whale sanctuary in the S. ocean to protect whales
338
What does the UNEP do
Governs the world’s environment
339
What do countries that signed the UNEP agree to
Ban all mineral resource activity including exploitation of the continental shelf Promote comprehensive monitoring and assessment in order to minimise human impacts on the fragile ecosystems
340
When was the IWC established
1946
341
Why are NGOs vital in Antarctica
As govs alone can’t help to monitor, understand or control every aspect of Antarctica
342
What do NGOs provide
Expertise, champion causes, contribute independent perspectives, rally public support. E.g. through social media and provoke action
343
Examples of NGOs
The Antarctic and Southern Ocean Coalition (ASOC)
344
Why have ASOC been successful
Work of the Antarctic Ocean Alliance (AOA), a project of ASOC champions the case for designing marine protected areas and marine reserves in East Antarctica, the Ross sea and the Weddell sea
345
What were the ASOCs initial objectives
Conclude negotiations of the world’s first ecosystem as a whole treaty on fishing Prevent oil, gas and minerals exploitation by blocking ratification of the proposed Minerals convention
346
When was ASOC formed
1978
347
What does the ASOC monitor
Monitors environmental changes in Antarctica and checks if countries are sticking to the rules Also monitors the effects of climate change e.g. by checking melting ice and sea levels around Antarctica
348
What was the CCAMLR a response to
Over exploitation of several marine resources in the S. ocean in 1960s and 1970s
349
When was CCAMLR established
1982
350
Limitations of the ATS
Problematic decision making
351
Successes of ATS
Has been recognised as one of the most successful sets of international agreements setting an example of peaceful cooperation for the rest of the world There has still been no major problems
352
What is the purpose of the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty (1991)
It’s purpose is to give extra protection to the environment of Antarctica, especially against mineral exploitation
353
What global institutions is Antarctica governed by
International Whaling Commission (IWC) The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) The Commission of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR)
354
What is the International Whaling Commissions (IWC)
Responsible for regulating whaling and ensuring that the whale population is at a sustainable level.
355
What did the IWC set up in 1994
A whale sanctuary in the S. ocean to protect whales
356
What does the UNEP do
Governs the world’s environment
357
What do countries that signed the UNEP agree to
Ban all mineral resource activity including exploitation of the continental shelf Promote comprehensive monitoring and assessment in order to minimise human impacts on the fragile ecosystems
358
When was the IWC established
1946
359
Why are NGOs vital in Antarctica
As govs alone can’t help to monitor, understand or control every aspect of Antarctica
360
What do NGOs provide
Expertise, champion causes, contribute independent perspectives, rally public support. E.g. through social media and provoke action
361
Examples of NGOs
The Antarctic and Southern Ocean Coalition (ASOC)
362
Why have ASOC been successful
Work of the Antarctic Ocean Alliance (AOA), a project of ASOC champions the case for designing marine protected areas and marine reserves in East Antarctica, the Ross sea and the Weddell sea
363
What were the ASOCs initial objectives
Conclude negotiations of the world’s first ecosystem as a whole treaty on fishing Prevent oil, gas and minerals exploitation by blocking ratification of the proposed Minerals convention
364
When was ASOC formed
1978
365
What does the ASOC monitor
Monitors environmental changes in Antarctica and checks if countries are sticking to the rules Also monitors the effects of climate change e.g. by checking melting ice and sea levels around Antarctica
366
What was the CCAMLR a response to
Over exploitation of several marine resources in the S. ocean in 1960s and 1970s
367
When was CCAMLR established
1982
368
Limitations of the ATS
Problematic decision making
369
Successes of ATS
Has been recognised as one of the most successful sets of international agreements setting an example of peaceful cooperation for the rest of the world There has still been no major problems
370
What is the purpose of the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty (1991)
It’s purpose is to give extra protection to the environment of Antarctica, especially against mineral exploitation
371
What global institutions is Antarctica governed by
International Whaling Commission (IWC) The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) The Commission of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR)
372
What is the International Whaling Commissions (IWC)
Responsible for regulating whaling and ensuring that the whale population is at a sustainable level.
373
What did the IWC set up in 1994
A whale sanctuary in the S. ocean to protect whales
374
What does the UNEP do
Governs the world’s environment
375
What do countries that signed the UNEP agree to
Ban all mineral resource activity including exploitation of the continental shelf Promote comprehensive monitoring and assessment in order to minimise human impacts on the fragile ecosystems
376
When was the IWC established
1946
377
Why are NGOs vital in Antarctica
As govs alone can’t help to monitor, understand or control every aspect of Antarctica
378
What do NGOs provide
Expertise, champion causes, contribute independent perspectives, rally public support. E.g. through social media and provoke action
379
Examples of NGOs
The Antarctic and Southern Ocean Coalition (ASOC)
380
Why have ASOC been successful
Work of the Antarctic Ocean Alliance (AOA), a project of ASOC champions the case for designing marine protected areas and marine reserves in East Antarctica, the Ross sea and the Weddell sea
381
What were the ASOCs initial objectives
Conclude negotiations of the world’s first ecosystem as a whole treaty on fishing Prevent oil, gas and minerals exploitation by blocking ratification of the proposed Minerals convention
382
When was ASOC formed
1978
383
What does the ASOC monitor
Monitors environmental changes in Antarctica and checks if countries are sticking to the rules Also monitors the effects of climate change e.g. by checking melting ice and sea levels around Antarctica
384
What was the CCAMLR a response to
Over exploitation of several marine resources in the S. ocean in 1960s and 1970s
385
When was CCAMLR established
1982
386
Limitations of the ATS
Problematic decision making
387
Successes of ATS
Has been recognised as one of the most successful sets of international agreements setting an example of peaceful cooperation for the rest of the world There has still been no major problems
388
What is the purpose of the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty (1991)
It’s purpose is to give extra protection to the environment of Antarctica, especially against mineral exploitation
389
What global institutions is Antarctica governed by
International Whaling Commission (IWC) The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) The Commission of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR)
390
What is the International Whaling Commissions (IWC)
Responsible for regulating whaling and ensuring that the whale population is at a sustainable level.
391
What did the IWC set up in 1994
A whale sanctuary in the S. ocean to protect whales
392
What does the UNEP do
Governs the world’s environment
393
What do countries that signed the UNEP agree to
Ban all mineral resource activity including exploitation of the continental shelf Promote comprehensive monitoring and assessment in order to minimise human impacts on the fragile ecosystems
394
When was the IWC established
1946
395
Why are NGOs vital in Antarctica
As govs alone can’t help to monitor, understand or control every aspect of Antarctica
396
What do NGOs provide
Expertise, champion causes, contribute independent perspectives, rally public support. E.g. through social media and provoke action
397
Examples of NGOs
The Antarctic and Southern Ocean Coalition (ASOC)
398
Why have ASOC been successful
Work of the Antarctic Ocean Alliance (AOA), a project of ASOC champions the case for designing marine protected areas and marine reserves in East Antarctica, the Ross sea and the Weddell sea
399
What were the ASOCs initial objectives
Conclude negotiations of the world’s first ecosystem as a whole treaty on fishing Prevent oil, gas and minerals exploitation by blocking ratification of the proposed Minerals convention
400
When was ASOC formed
1978
401
What does the ASOC monitor
Monitors environmental changes in Antarctica and checks if countries are sticking to the rules Also monitors the effects of climate change e.g. by checking melting ice and sea levels around Antarctica
402
What was the CCAMLR a response to
Over exploitation of several marine resources in the S. ocean in 1960s and 1970s
403
When was CCAMLR established
1982
404
Limitations of the ATS
Problematic decision making
405
Successes of ATS
Has been recognised as one of the most successful sets of international agreements setting an example of peaceful cooperation for the rest of the world There has still been no major problems
406
What is the purpose of the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty (1991)
It’s purpose is to give extra protection to the environment of Antarctica, especially against mineral exploitation
407
What global institutions is Antarctica governed by
International Whaling Commission (IWC) The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) The Commission of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR)
408
What is the International Whaling Commissions (IWC)
Responsible for regulating whaling and ensuring that the whale population is at a sustainable level.
409
What did the IWC set up in 1994
A whale sanctuary in the S. ocean to protect whales
410
What does the UNEP do
Governs the world’s environment
411
What do countries that signed the UNEP agree to
Ban all mineral resource activity including exploitation of the continental shelf Promote comprehensive monitoring and assessment in order to minimise human impacts on the fragile ecosystems
412
When was the IWC established
1946
413
Why are NGOs vital in Antarctica
As govs alone can’t help to monitor, understand or control every aspect of Antarctica
414
What do NGOs provide
Expertise, champion causes, contribute independent perspectives, rally public support. E.g. through social media and provoke action
415
Examples of NGOs
The Antarctic and Southern Ocean Coalition (ASOC)
416
Why have ASOC been successful
Work of the Antarctic Ocean Alliance (AOA), a project of ASOC champions the case for designing marine protected areas and marine reserves in East Antarctica, the Ross sea and the Weddell sea
417
What were the ASOCs initial objectives
Conclude negotiations of the world’s first ecosystem as a whole treaty on fishing Prevent oil, gas and minerals exploitation by blocking ratification of the proposed Minerals convention
418
When was ASOC formed
1978
419
What does the ASOC monitor
Monitors environmental changes in Antarctica and checks if countries are sticking to the rules Also monitors the effects of climate change e.g. by checking melting ice and sea levels around Antarctica
420
What was the CCAMLR a response to
Over exploitation of several marine resources in the S. ocean in 1960s and 1970s
421
When was CCAMLR established
1982
422
Limitations of the ATS
Problematic decision making
423
Successes of ATS
Has been recognised as one of the most successful sets of international agreements setting an example of peaceful cooperation for the rest of the world There has still been no major problems
424
What is the purpose of the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty (1991)
It’s purpose is to give extra protection to the environment of Antarctica, especially against mineral exploitation
425
What global institutions is Antarctica governed by
International Whaling Commission (IWC) The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) The Commission of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR)
426
What is the International Whaling Commissions (IWC)
Responsible for regulating whaling and ensuring that the whale population is at a sustainable level.
427
What did the IWC set up in 1994
A whale sanctuary in the S. ocean to protect whales
428
What does the UNEP do
Governs the world’s environment
429
What do countries that signed the UNEP agree to
Ban all mineral resource activity including exploitation of the continental shelf Promote comprehensive monitoring and assessment in order to minimise human impacts on the fragile ecosystems
430
When was the IWC established
1946
431
Why are NGOs vital in Antarctica
As govs alone can’t help to monitor, understand or control every aspect of Antarctica
432
What do NGOs provide
Expertise, champion causes, contribute independent perspectives, rally public support. E.g. through social media and provoke action
433
Examples of NGOs
The Antarctic and Southern Ocean Coalition (ASOC)
434
Why have ASOC been successful
Work of the Antarctic Ocean Alliance (AOA), a project of ASOC champions the case for designing marine protected areas and marine reserves in East Antarctica, the Ross sea and the Weddell sea
435
What were the ASOCs initial objectives
Conclude negotiations of the world’s first ecosystem as a whole treaty on fishing Prevent oil, gas and minerals exploitation by blocking ratification of the proposed Minerals convention
436
When was ASOC formed
1978
437
What does the ASOC monitor
Monitors environmental changes in Antarctica and checks if countries are sticking to the rules Also monitors the effects of climate change e.g. by checking melting ice and sea levels around Antarctica
438
What was the CCAMLR a response to
Over exploitation of several marine resources in the S. ocean in 1960s and 1970s
439
When was CCAMLR established
1982
440
Limitations of the ATS
Problematic decision making
441
Successes of ATS
Has been recognised as one of the most successful sets of international agreements setting an example of peaceful cooperation for the rest of the world There has still been no major problems
442
What is the purpose of the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty (1991)
It’s purpose is to give extra protection to the environment of Antarctica, especially against mineral exploitation
443
What global institutions is Antarctica governed by
International Whaling Commission (IWC) The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) The Commission of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR)
444
What is the International Whaling Commissions (IWC)
Responsible for regulating whaling and ensuring that the whale population is at a sustainable level.
445
What did the IWC set up in 1994
A whale sanctuary in the S. ocean to protect whales
446
What does the UNEP do
Governs the world’s environment
447
What do countries that signed the UNEP agree to
Ban all mineral resource activity including exploitation of the continental shelf Promote comprehensive monitoring and assessment in order to minimise human impacts on the fragile ecosystems
448
When was the IWC established
1946
449
Why are NGOs vital in Antarctica
As govs alone can’t help to monitor, understand or control every aspect of Antarctica
450
What do NGOs provide
Expertise, champion causes, contribute independent perspectives, rally public support. E.g. through social media and provoke action
451
Examples of NGOs
The Antarctic and Southern Ocean Coalition (ASOC)
452
Why have ASOC been successful
Work of the Antarctic Ocean Alliance (AOA), a project of ASOC champions the case for designing marine protected areas and marine reserves in East Antarctica, the Ross sea and the Weddell sea
453
What were the ASOCs initial objectives
Conclude negotiations of the world’s first ecosystem as a whole treaty on fishing Prevent oil, gas and minerals exploitation by blocking ratification of the proposed Minerals convention
454
When was ASOC formed
1978
455
What does the ASOC monitor
Monitors environmental changes in Antarctica and checks if countries are sticking to the rules Also monitors the effects of climate change e.g. by checking melting ice and sea levels around Antarctica
456
What was the CCAMLR a response to
Over exploitation of several marine resources in the S. ocean in 1960s and 1970s
457
When was CCAMLR established
1982
458
Limitations of the ATS
Problematic decision making
459
Successes of ATS
Has been recognised as one of the most successful sets of international agreements setting an example of peaceful cooperation for the rest of the world There has still been no major problems
460
What is the purpose of the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty (1991)
It’s purpose is to give extra protection to the environment of Antarctica, especially against mineral exploitation
461
What global institutions is Antarctica governed by
International Whaling Commission (IWC) The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) The Commission of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR)
462
What is the International Whaling Commissions (IWC)
Responsible for regulating whaling and ensuring that the whale population is at a sustainable level.
463
What did the IWC set up in 1994
A whale sanctuary in the S. ocean to protect whales
464
What does the UNEP do
Governs the world’s environment
465
What do countries that signed the UNEP agree to
Ban all mineral resource activity including exploitation of the continental shelf Promote comprehensive monitoring and assessment in order to minimise human impacts on the fragile ecosystems
466
When was the IWC established
1946
467
Why are NGOs vital in Antarctica
As govs alone can’t help to monitor, understand or control every aspect of Antarctica
468
What do NGOs provide
Expertise, champion causes, contribute independent perspectives, rally public support. E.g. through social media and provoke action
469
Examples of NGOs
The Antarctic and Southern Ocean Coalition (ASOC)
470
Why have ASOC been successful
Work of the Antarctic Ocean Alliance (AOA), a project of ASOC champions the case for designing marine protected areas and marine reserves in East Antarctica, the Ross sea and the Weddell sea
471
What were the ASOCs initial objectives
Conclude negotiations of the world’s first ecosystem as a whole treaty on fishing Prevent oil, gas and minerals exploitation by blocking ratification of the proposed Minerals convention
472
When was ASOC formed
1978
473
What does the ASOC monitor
Monitors environmental changes in Antarctica and checks if countries are sticking to the rules Also monitors the effects of climate change e.g. by checking melting ice and sea levels around Antarctica
474
What was the CCAMLR a response to
Over exploitation of several marine resources in the S. ocean in 1960s and 1970s
475
When was CCAMLR established
1982
476
Limitations of the ATS
Problematic decision making
477
Successes of ATS
Has been recognised as one of the most successful sets of international agreements setting an example of peaceful cooperation for the rest of the world There has still been no major problems
478
What is the purpose of the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty (1991)
It’s purpose is to give extra protection to the environment of Antarctica, especially against mineral exploitation
479
What global institutions is Antarctica governed by
International Whaling Commission (IWC) The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) The Commission of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR)
480
What is the International Whaling Commissions (IWC)
Responsible for regulating whaling and ensuring that the whale population is at a sustainable level.
481
What did the IWC set up in 1994
A whale sanctuary in the S. ocean to protect whales
482
What does the UNEP do
Governs the world’s environment
483
What do countries that signed the UNEP agree to
Ban all mineral resource activity including exploitation of the continental shelf Promote comprehensive monitoring and assessment in order to minimise human impacts on the fragile ecosystems
484
When was the IWC established
1946
485
Why are NGOs vital in Antarctica
As govs alone can’t help to monitor, understand or control every aspect of Antarctica
486
What do NGOs provide
Expertise, champion causes, contribute independent perspectives, rally public support. E.g. through social media and provoke action
487
Examples of NGOs
The Antarctic and Southern Ocean Coalition (ASOC)
488
Why have ASOC been successful
Work of the Antarctic Ocean Alliance (AOA), a project of ASOC champions the case for designing marine protected areas and marine reserves in East Antarctica, the Ross sea and the Weddell sea
489
What were the ASOCs initial objectives
Conclude negotiations of the world’s first ecosystem as a whole treaty on fishing Prevent oil, gas and minerals exploitation by blocking ratification of the proposed Minerals convention
490
When was ASOC formed
1978
491
What does the ASOC monitor
Monitors environmental changes in Antarctica and checks if countries are sticking to the rules Also monitors the effects of climate change e.g. by checking melting ice and sea levels around Antarctica
492
What was the CCAMLR a response to
Over exploitation of several marine resources in the S. ocean in 1960s and 1970s
493
When was CCAMLR established
1982
494
Limitations of the ATS
Problematic decision making
495
Successes of ATS
Has been recognised as one of the most successful sets of international agreements setting an example of peaceful cooperation for the rest of the world There has still been no major problems
496
What is the purpose of the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty (1991)
It’s purpose is to give extra protection to the environment of Antarctica, especially against mineral exploitation
497
What global institutions is Antarctica governed by
International Whaling Commission (IWC) The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) The Commission of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR)
498
What is the International Whaling Commissions (IWC)
Responsible for regulating whaling and ensuring that the whale population is at a sustainable level.
499
What did the IWC set up in 1994
A whale sanctuary in the S. ocean to protect whales
500
What does the UNEP do
Governs the world’s environment
501
What do countries that signed the UNEP agree to
Ban all mineral resource activity including exploitation of the continental shelf Promote comprehensive monitoring and assessment in order to minimise human impacts on the fragile ecosystems
502
When was the IWC established
1946
503
Why are NGOs vital in Antarctica
As govs alone can’t help to monitor, understand or control every aspect of Antarctica
504
What do NGOs provide
Expertise, champion causes, contribute independent perspectives, rally public support. E.g. through social media and provoke action
505
Examples of NGOs
The Antarctic and Southern Ocean Coalition (ASOC)
506
Why have ASOC been successful
Work of the Antarctic Ocean Alliance (AOA), a project of ASOC champions the case for designing marine protected areas and marine reserves in East Antarctica, the Ross sea and the Weddell sea
507
What were the ASOCs initial objectives
Conclude negotiations of the world’s first ecosystem as a whole treaty on fishing Prevent oil, gas and minerals exploitation by blocking ratification of the proposed Minerals convention
508
When was ASOC formed
1978
509
What does the ASOC monitor
Monitors environmental changes in Antarctica and checks if countries are sticking to the rules Also monitors the effects of climate change e.g. by checking melting ice and sea levels around Antarctica
510
What was the CCAMLR a response to
Over exploitation of several marine resources in the S. ocean in 1960s and 1970s
511
When was CCAMLR established
1982
512
Limitations of the ATS
Problematic decision making
513
Successes of ATS
Has been recognised as one of the most successful sets of international agreements setting an example of peaceful cooperation for the rest of the world There has still been no major problems
514
What is the purpose of the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty (1991)
It’s purpose is to give extra protection to the environment of Antarctica, especially against mineral exploitation
515
What global institutions is Antarctica governed by
International Whaling Commission (IWC) The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) The Commission of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR)
516
What is the International Whaling Commissions (IWC)
Responsible for regulating whaling and ensuring that the whale population is at a sustainable level.
517
What did the IWC set up in 1994
A whale sanctuary in the S. ocean to protect whales
518
What does the UNEP do
Governs the world’s environment
519
What do countries that signed the UNEP agree to
Ban all mineral resource activity including exploitation of the continental shelf Promote comprehensive monitoring and assessment in order to minimise human impacts on the fragile ecosystems
520
When was the IWC established
1946
521
Why are NGOs vital in Antarctica
As govs alone can’t help to monitor, understand or control every aspect of Antarctica
522
What do NGOs provide
Expertise, champion causes, contribute independent perspectives, rally public support. E.g. through social media and provoke action
523
Examples of NGOs
The Antarctic and Southern Ocean Coalition (ASOC)
524
Why have ASOC been successful
Work of the Antarctic Ocean Alliance (AOA), a project of ASOC champions the case for designing marine protected areas and marine reserves in East Antarctica, the Ross sea and the Weddell sea
525
What were the ASOCs initial objectives
Conclude negotiations of the world’s first ecosystem as a whole treaty on fishing Prevent oil, gas and minerals exploitation by blocking ratification of the proposed Minerals convention
526
When was ASOC formed
1978
527
What does the ASOC monitor
Monitors environmental changes in Antarctica and checks if countries are sticking to the rules Also monitors the effects of climate change e.g. by checking melting ice and sea levels around Antarctica
528
What was the CCAMLR a response to
Over exploitation of several marine resources in the S. ocean in 1960s and 1970s
529
When was CCAMLR established
1982
530
Limitations of the ATS
Problematic decision making
531
Successes of ATS
Has been recognised as one of the most successful sets of international agreements setting an example of peaceful cooperation for the rest of the world There has still been no major problems
532
What is the purpose of the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty (1991)
It’s purpose is to give extra protection to the environment of Antarctica, especially against mineral exploitation
533
What global institutions is Antarctica governed by
International Whaling Commission (IWC) The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) The Commission of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR)
534
What is the International Whaling Commissions (IWC)
Responsible for regulating whaling and ensuring that the whale population is at a sustainable level.
535
What did the IWC set up in 1994
A whale sanctuary in the S. ocean to protect whales
536
What does the UNEP do
Governs the world’s environment
537
What do countries that signed the UNEP agree to
Ban all mineral resource activity including exploitation of the continental shelf Promote comprehensive monitoring and assessment in order to minimise human impacts on the fragile ecosystems
538
When was the IWC established
1946
539
Why are NGOs vital in Antarctica
As govs alone can’t help to monitor, understand or control every aspect of Antarctica
540
What do NGOs provide
Expertise, champion causes, contribute independent perspectives, rally public support. E.g. through social media and provoke action
541
Examples of NGOs
The Antarctic and Southern Ocean Coalition (ASOC)
542
Why have ASOC been successful
Work of the Antarctic Ocean Alliance (AOA), a project of ASOC champions the case for designing marine protected areas and marine reserves in East Antarctica, the Ross sea and the Weddell sea
543
What were the ASOCs initial objectives
Conclude negotiations of the world’s first ecosystem as a whole treaty on fishing Prevent oil, gas and minerals exploitation by blocking ratification of the proposed Minerals convention
544
When was ASOC formed
1978
545
What does the ASOC monitor
Monitors environmental changes in Antarctica and checks if countries are sticking to the rules Also monitors the effects of climate change e.g. by checking melting ice and sea levels around Antarctica
546
What was the CCAMLR a response to
Over exploitation of several marine resources in the S. ocean in 1960s and 1970s
547
When was CCAMLR established
1982
548
Limitations of the ATS
Problematic decision making
549
Successes of ATS
Has been recognised as one of the most successful sets of international agreements setting an example of peaceful cooperation for the rest of the world There has still been no major problems
550
What is the purpose of the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty (1991)
It’s purpose is to give extra protection to the environment of Antarctica, especially against mineral exploitation
551
What global institutions is Antarctica governed by
International Whaling Commission (IWC) The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) The Commission of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR)
552
What is the International Whaling Commissions (IWC)
Responsible for regulating whaling and ensuring that the whale population is at a sustainable level.
553
What did the IWC set up in 1994
A whale sanctuary in the S. ocean to protect whales
554
What does the UNEP do
Governs the world’s environment
555
What do countries that signed the UNEP agree to
Ban all mineral resource activity including exploitation of the continental shelf Promote comprehensive monitoring and assessment in order to minimise human impacts on the fragile ecosystems
556
When was the IWC established
1946
557
Why are NGOs vital in Antarctica
As govs alone can’t help to monitor, understand or control every aspect of Antarctica
558
What do NGOs provide
Expertise, champion causes, contribute independent perspectives, rally public support. E.g. through social media and provoke action
559
Examples of NGOs
The Antarctic and Southern Ocean Coalition (ASOC)
560
Why have ASOC been successful
Work of the Antarctic Ocean Alliance (AOA), a project of ASOC champions the case for designing marine protected areas and marine reserves in East Antarctica, the Ross sea and the Weddell sea
561
What were the ASOCs initial objectives
Conclude negotiations of the world’s first ecosystem as a whole treaty on fishing Prevent oil, gas and minerals exploitation by blocking ratification of the proposed Minerals convention
562
When was ASOC formed
1978
563
What does the ASOC monitor
Monitors environmental changes in Antarctica and checks if countries are sticking to the rules Also monitors the effects of climate change e.g. by checking melting ice and sea levels around Antarctica
564
What was the CCAMLR a response to
Over exploitation of several marine resources in the S. ocean in 1960s and 1970s
565
When was CCAMLR established
1982
566
Limitations of the ATS
Problematic decision making
567
Successes of ATS
Has been recognised as one of the most successful sets of international agreements setting an example of peaceful cooperation for the rest of the world There has still been no major problems
568
What is the purpose of the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty (1991)
It’s purpose is to give extra protection to the environment of Antarctica, especially against mineral exploitation
569
What global institutions is Antarctica governed by
International Whaling Commission (IWC) The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) The Commission of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR)
570
What is the International Whaling Commissions (IWC)
Responsible for regulating whaling and ensuring that the whale population is at a sustainable level.
571
What did the IWC set up in 1994
A whale sanctuary in the S. ocean to protect whales
572
What does the UNEP do
Governs the world’s environment
573
What do countries that signed the UNEP agree to
Ban all mineral resource activity including exploitation of the continental shelf Promote comprehensive monitoring and assessment in order to minimise human impacts on the fragile ecosystems
574
When was the IWC established
1946
575
Why are NGOs vital in Antarctica
As govs alone can’t help to monitor, understand or control every aspect of Antarctica
576
What do NGOs provide
Expertise, champion causes, contribute independent perspectives, rally public support. E.g. through social media and provoke action
577
Examples of NGOs
The Antarctic and Southern Ocean Coalition (ASOC)
578
Why have ASOC been successful
Work of the Antarctic Ocean Alliance (AOA), a project of ASOC champions the case for designing marine protected areas and marine reserves in East Antarctica, the Ross sea and the Weddell sea
579
What were the ASOCs initial objectives
Conclude negotiations of the world’s first ecosystem as a whole treaty on fishing Prevent oil, gas and minerals exploitation by blocking ratification of the proposed Minerals convention
580
When was ASOC formed
1978
581
What does the ASOC monitor
Monitors environmental changes in Antarctica and checks if countries are sticking to the rules Also monitors the effects of climate change e.g. by checking melting ice and sea levels around Antarctica
582
What was the CCAMLR a response to
Over exploitation of several marine resources in the S. ocean in 1960s and 1970s
583
When was CCAMLR established
1982
584
Limitations of the ATS
Problematic decision making
585
Successes of ATS
Has been recognised as one of the most successful sets of international agreements setting an example of peaceful cooperation for the rest of the world There has still been no major problems
586
What is the purpose of the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty (1991)
It’s purpose is to give extra protection to the environment of Antarctica, especially against mineral exploitation
587
What global institutions is Antarctica governed by
International Whaling Commission (IWC) The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) The Commission of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR)
588
What is the International Whaling Commissions (IWC)
Responsible for regulating whaling and ensuring that the whale population is at a sustainable level.
589
What did the IWC set up in 1994
A whale sanctuary in the S. ocean to protect whales
590
What does the UNEP do
Governs the world’s environment
591
What do countries that signed the UNEP agree to
Ban all mineral resource activity including exploitation of the continental shelf Promote comprehensive monitoring and assessment in order to minimise human impacts on the fragile ecosystems
592
When was the IWC established
1946
593
Why are NGOs vital in Antarctica
As govs alone can’t help to monitor, understand or control every aspect of Antarctica
594
What do NGOs provide
Expertise, champion causes, contribute independent perspectives, rally public support. E.g. through social media and provoke action
595
Examples of NGOs
The Antarctic and Southern Ocean Coalition (ASOC)
596
Why have ASOC been successful
Work of the Antarctic Ocean Alliance (AOA), a project of ASOC champions the case for designing marine protected areas and marine reserves in East Antarctica, the Ross sea and the Weddell sea
597
What were the ASOCs initial objectives
Conclude negotiations of the world’s first ecosystem as a whole treaty on fishing Prevent oil, gas and minerals exploitation by blocking ratification of the proposed Minerals convention
598
When was ASOC formed
1978
599
What does the ASOC monitor
Monitors environmental changes in Antarctica and checks if countries are sticking to the rules Also monitors the effects of climate change e.g. by checking melting ice and sea levels around Antarctica
600
What was the CCAMLR a response to
Over exploitation of several marine resources in the S. ocean in 1960s and 1970s
601
When was CCAMLR established
1982
602
Limitations of the ATS
Problematic decision making
603
Successes of ATS
Has been recognised as one of the most successful sets of international agreements setting an example of peaceful cooperation for the rest of the world There has still been no major problems
604
What is the purpose of the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty (1991)
It’s purpose is to give extra protection to the environment of Antarctica, especially against mineral exploitation
605
What global institutions is Antarctica governed by
International Whaling Commission (IWC) The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) The Commission of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR)
606
What is the International Whaling Commissions (IWC)
Responsible for regulating whaling and ensuring that the whale population is at a sustainable level.
607
What did the IWC set up in 1994
A whale sanctuary in the S. ocean to protect whales
608
What does the UNEP do
Governs the world’s environment
609
What do countries that signed the UNEP agree to
Ban all mineral resource activity including exploitation of the continental shelf Promote comprehensive monitoring and assessment in order to minimise human impacts on the fragile ecosystems
610
When was the IWC established
1946
611
Why are NGOs vital in Antarctica
As govs alone can’t help to monitor, understand or control every aspect of Antarctica
612
What do NGOs provide
Expertise, champion causes, contribute independent perspectives, rally public support. E.g. through social media and provoke action
613
Examples of NGOs
The Antarctic and Southern Ocean Coalition (ASOC)
614
Why have ASOC been successful
Work of the Antarctic Ocean Alliance (AOA), a project of ASOC champions the case for designing marine protected areas and marine reserves in East Antarctica, the Ross sea and the Weddell sea
615
What were the ASOCs initial objectives
Conclude negotiations of the world’s first ecosystem as a whole treaty on fishing Prevent oil, gas and minerals exploitation by blocking ratification of the proposed Minerals convention
616
When was ASOC formed
1978
617
What does the ASOC monitor
Monitors environmental changes in Antarctica and checks if countries are sticking to the rules Also monitors the effects of climate change e.g. by checking melting ice and sea levels around Antarctica
618
What was the CCAMLR a response to
Over exploitation of several marine resources in the S. ocean in 1960s and 1970s
619
When was CCAMLR established
1982
620
Limitations of the ATS
Problematic decision making
621
Successes of ATS
Has been recognised as one of the most successful sets of international agreements setting an example of peaceful cooperation for the rest of the world There has still been no major problems
622
What is the purpose of the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty (1991)
It’s purpose is to give extra protection to the environment of Antarctica, especially against mineral exploitation
623
What global institutions is Antarctica governed by
International Whaling Commission (IWC) The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) The Commission of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR)
624
What is the International Whaling Commissions (IWC)
Responsible for regulating whaling and ensuring that the whale population is at a sustainable level.
625
What did the IWC set up in 1994
A whale sanctuary in the S. ocean to protect whales
626
What does the UNEP do
Governs the world’s environment
627
What do countries that signed the UNEP agree to
Ban all mineral resource activity including exploitation of the continental shelf Promote comprehensive monitoring and assessment in order to minimise human impacts on the fragile ecosystems
628
When was the IWC established
1946
629
Why are NGOs vital in Antarctica
As govs alone can’t help to monitor, understand or control every aspect of Antarctica
630
What do NGOs provide
Expertise, champion causes, contribute independent perspectives, rally public support. E.g. through social media and provoke action
631
Examples of NGOs
The Antarctic and Southern Ocean Coalition (ASOC)
632
Why have ASOC been successful
Work of the Antarctic Ocean Alliance (AOA), a project of ASOC champions the case for designing marine protected areas and marine reserves in East Antarctica, the Ross sea and the Weddell sea
633
What were the ASOCs initial objectives
Conclude negotiations of the world’s first ecosystem as a whole treaty on fishing Prevent oil, gas and minerals exploitation by blocking ratification of the proposed Minerals convention
634
When was ASOC formed
1978
635
What does the ASOC monitor
Monitors environmental changes in Antarctica and checks if countries are sticking to the rules Also monitors the effects of climate change e.g. by checking melting ice and sea levels around Antarctica
636
What was the CCAMLR a response to
Over exploitation of several marine resources in the S. ocean in 1960s and 1970s
637
When was CCAMLR established
1982
638
Limitations of the ATS
Problematic decision making
639
Successes of ATS
Has been recognised as one of the most successful sets of international agreements setting an example of peaceful cooperation for the rest of the world There has still been no major problems
640
What is the purpose of the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty (1991)
It’s purpose is to give extra protection to the environment of Antarctica, especially against mineral exploitation
641
What global institutions is Antarctica governed by
International Whaling Commission (IWC) The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) The Commission of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR)
642
What is the International Whaling Commissions (IWC)
Responsible for regulating whaling and ensuring that the whale population is at a sustainable level.
643
What did the IWC set up in 1994
A whale sanctuary in the S. ocean to protect whales
644
What does the UNEP do
Governs the world’s environment
645
What do countries that signed the UNEP agree to
Ban all mineral resource activity including exploitation of the continental shelf Promote comprehensive monitoring and assessment in order to minimise human impacts on the fragile ecosystems
646
When was the IWC established
1946
647
Why are NGOs vital in Antarctica
As govs alone can’t help to monitor, understand or control every aspect of Antarctica
648
What do NGOs provide
Expertise, champion causes, contribute independent perspectives, rally public support. E.g. through social media and provoke action
649
Examples of NGOs
The Antarctic and Southern Ocean Coalition (ASOC)
650
Why have ASOC been successful
Work of the Antarctic Ocean Alliance (AOA), a project of ASOC champions the case for designing marine protected areas and marine reserves in East Antarctica, the Ross sea and the Weddell sea
651
What were the ASOCs initial objectives
Conclude negotiations of the world’s first ecosystem as a whole treaty on fishing Prevent oil, gas and minerals exploitation by blocking ratification of the proposed Minerals convention
652
When was ASOC formed
1978
653
What does the ASOC monitor
Monitors environmental changes in Antarctica and checks if countries are sticking to the rules Also monitors the effects of climate change e.g. by checking melting ice and sea levels around Antarctica
654
What was the CCAMLR a response to
Over exploitation of several marine resources in the S. ocean in 1960s and 1970s
655
When was CCAMLR established
1982
656
Limitations of the ATS
Problematic decision making
657
Successes of ATS
Has been recognised as one of the most successful sets of international agreements setting an example of peaceful cooperation for the rest of the world There has still been no major problems
658
What is the purpose of the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty (1991)
It’s purpose is to give extra protection to the environment of Antarctica, especially against mineral exploitation
659
What global institutions is Antarctica governed by
International Whaling Commission (IWC) The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) The Commission of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR)
660
What is the International Whaling Commissions (IWC)
Responsible for regulating whaling and ensuring that the whale population is at a sustainable level.
661
What did the IWC set up in 1994
A whale sanctuary in the S. ocean to protect whales
662
What does the UNEP do
Governs the world’s environment
663
What do countries that signed the UNEP agree to
Ban all mineral resource activity including exploitation of the continental shelf Promote comprehensive monitoring and assessment in order to minimise human impacts on the fragile ecosystems
664
When was the IWC established
1946
665
Why are NGOs vital in Antarctica
As govs alone can’t help to monitor, understand or control every aspect of Antarctica
666
What do NGOs provide
Expertise, champion causes, contribute independent perspectives, rally public support. E.g. through social media and provoke action
667
Examples of NGOs
The Antarctic and Southern Ocean Coalition (ASOC)
668
Why have ASOC been successful
Work of the Antarctic Ocean Alliance (AOA), a project of ASOC champions the case for designing marine protected areas and marine reserves in East Antarctica, the Ross sea and the Weddell sea
669
What were the ASOCs initial objectives
Conclude negotiations of the world’s first ecosystem as a whole treaty on fishing Prevent oil, gas and minerals exploitation by blocking ratification of the proposed Minerals convention
670
When was ASOC formed
1978
671
What does the ASOC monitor
Monitors environmental changes in Antarctica and checks if countries are sticking to the rules Also monitors the effects of climate change e.g. by checking melting ice and sea levels around Antarctica
672
What was the CCAMLR a response to
Over exploitation of several marine resources in the S. ocean in 1960s and 1970s
673
When was CCAMLR established
1982
674
Limitations of the ATS
Problematic decision making
675
Successes of ATS
Has been recognised as one of the most successful sets of international agreements setting an example of peaceful cooperation for the rest of the world There has still been no major problems
676
What is the purpose of the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty (1991)
It’s purpose is to give extra protection to the environment of Antarctica, especially against mineral exploitation
677
What global institutions is Antarctica governed by
International Whaling Commission (IWC) The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) The Commission of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR)
678
What is the International Whaling Commissions (IWC)
Responsible for regulating whaling and ensuring that the whale population is at a sustainable level.
679
What did the IWC set up in 1994
A whale sanctuary in the S. ocean to protect whales
680
What does the UNEP do
Governs the world’s environment
681
What do countries that signed the UNEP agree to
Ban all mineral resource activity including exploitation of the continental shelf Promote comprehensive monitoring and assessment in order to minimise human impacts on the fragile ecosystems
682
When was the IWC established
1946
683
Why are NGOs vital in Antarctica
As govs alone can’t help to monitor, understand or control every aspect of Antarctica
684
What do NGOs provide
Expertise, champion causes, contribute independent perspectives, rally public support. E.g. through social media and provoke action
685
Examples of NGOs
The Antarctic and Southern Ocean Coalition (ASOC)
686
Why have ASOC been successful
Work of the Antarctic Ocean Alliance (AOA), a project of ASOC champions the case for designing marine protected areas and marine reserves in East Antarctica, the Ross sea and the Weddell sea
687
What were the ASOCs initial objectives
Conclude negotiations of the world’s first ecosystem as a whole treaty on fishing Prevent oil, gas and minerals exploitation by blocking ratification of the proposed Minerals convention
688
When was ASOC formed
1978
689
What does the ASOC monitor
Monitors environmental changes in Antarctica and checks if countries are sticking to the rules Also monitors the effects of climate change e.g. by checking melting ice and sea levels around Antarctica
690
What was the CCAMLR a response to
Over exploitation of several marine resources in the S. ocean in 1960s and 1970s
691
When was CCAMLR established
1982
692
Limitations of the ATS
Problematic decision making
693
Successes of ATS
Has been recognised as one of the most successful sets of international agreements setting an example of peaceful cooperation for the rest of the world There has still been no major problems
694
What is the purpose of the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty (1991)
It’s purpose is to give extra protection to the environment of Antarctica, especially against mineral exploitation
695
What global institutions is Antarctica governed by
International Whaling Commission (IWC) The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) The Commission of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR)
696
What is the International Whaling Commissions (IWC)
Responsible for regulating whaling and ensuring that the whale population is at a sustainable level.
697
What did the IWC set up in 1994
A whale sanctuary in the S. ocean to protect whales
698
What does the UNEP do
Governs the world’s environment
699
What do countries that signed the UNEP agree to
Ban all mineral resource activity including exploitation of the continental shelf Promote comprehensive monitoring and assessment in order to minimise human impacts on the fragile ecosystems
700
When was the IWC established
1946
701
Why are NGOs vital in Antarctica
As govs alone can’t help to monitor, understand or control every aspect of Antarctica
702
What do NGOs provide
Expertise, champion causes, contribute independent perspectives, rally public support. E.g. through social media and provoke action
703
Examples of NGOs
The Antarctic and Southern Ocean Coalition (ASOC)
704
Why have ASOC been successful
Work of the Antarctic Ocean Alliance (AOA), a project of ASOC champions the case for designing marine protected areas and marine reserves in East Antarctica, the Ross sea and the Weddell sea
705
What were the ASOCs initial objectives
Conclude negotiations of the world’s first ecosystem as a whole treaty on fishing Prevent oil, gas and minerals exploitation by blocking ratification of the proposed Minerals convention
706
When was ASOC formed
1978
707
What does the ASOC monitor
Monitors environmental changes in Antarctica and checks if countries are sticking to the rules Also monitors the effects of climate change e.g. by checking melting ice and sea levels around Antarctica
708
What was the CCAMLR a response to
Over exploitation of several marine resources in the S. ocean in 1960s and 1970s
709
When was CCAMLR established
1982
710
Limitations of the ATS
Problematic decision making
711
Successes of ATS
Has been recognised as one of the most successful sets of international agreements setting an example of peaceful cooperation for the rest of the world There has still been no major problems
712
What is the purpose of the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty (1991)
It’s purpose is to give extra protection to the environment of Antarctica, especially against mineral exploitation
713
What global institutions is Antarctica governed by
International Whaling Commission (IWC) The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) The Commission of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR)
714
What is the International Whaling Commissions (IWC)
Responsible for regulating whaling and ensuring that the whale population is at a sustainable level.
715
What did the IWC set up in 1994
A whale sanctuary in the S. ocean to protect whales
716
What does the UNEP do
Governs the world’s environment
717
What do countries that signed the UNEP agree to
Ban all mineral resource activity including exploitation of the continental shelf Promote comprehensive monitoring and assessment in order to minimise human impacts on the fragile ecosystems
718
When was the IWC established
1946
719
Why are NGOs vital in Antarctica
As govs alone can’t help to monitor, understand or control every aspect of Antarctica
720
What do NGOs provide
Expertise, champion causes, contribute independent perspectives, rally public support. E.g. through social media and provoke action
721
Examples of NGOs
The Antarctic and Southern Ocean Coalition (ASOC)
722
Why have ASOC been successful
Work of the Antarctic Ocean Alliance (AOA), a project of ASOC champions the case for designing marine protected areas and marine reserves in East Antarctica, the Ross sea and the Weddell sea
723
What were the ASOCs initial objectives
Conclude negotiations of the world’s first ecosystem as a whole treaty on fishing Prevent oil, gas and minerals exploitation by blocking ratification of the proposed Minerals convention
724
When was ASOC formed
1978
725
What does the ASOC monitor
Monitors environmental changes in Antarctica and checks if countries are sticking to the rules Also monitors the effects of climate change e.g. by checking melting ice and sea levels around Antarctica
726
What was the CCAMLR a response to
Over exploitation of several marine resources in the S. ocean in 1960s and 1970s
727
When was CCAMLR established
1982
728
Limitations of the ATS
Problematic decision making
729
Successes of ATS
Has been recognised as one of the most successful sets of international agreements setting an example of peaceful cooperation for the rest of the world There has still been no major problems
730
What is the purpose of the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty (1991)
It’s purpose is to give extra protection to the environment of Antarctica, especially against mineral exploitation
731
What global institutions is Antarctica governed by
International Whaling Commission (IWC) The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) The Commission of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR)
732
What is the International Whaling Commissions (IWC)
Responsible for regulating whaling and ensuring that the whale population is at a sustainable level.
733
What did the IWC set up in 1994
A whale sanctuary in the S. ocean to protect whales
734
What does the UNEP do
Governs the world’s environment
735
What do countries that signed the UNEP agree to
Ban all mineral resource activity including exploitation of the continental shelf Promote comprehensive monitoring and assessment in order to minimise human impacts on the fragile ecosystems
736
When was the IWC established
1946
737
Why are NGOs vital in Antarctica
As govs alone can’t help to monitor, understand or control every aspect of Antarctica
738
What do NGOs provide
Expertise, champion causes, contribute independent perspectives, rally public support. E.g. through social media and provoke action
739
Examples of NGOs
The Antarctic and Southern Ocean Coalition (ASOC)
740
Why have ASOC been successful
Work of the Antarctic Ocean Alliance (AOA), a project of ASOC champions the case for designing marine protected areas and marine reserves in East Antarctica, the Ross sea and the Weddell sea
741
What were the ASOCs initial objectives
Conclude negotiations of the world’s first ecosystem as a whole treaty on fishing Prevent oil, gas and minerals exploitation by blocking ratification of the proposed Minerals convention
742
When was ASOC formed
1978
743
What does the ASOC monitor
Monitors environmental changes in Antarctica and checks if countries are sticking to the rules Also monitors the effects of climate change e.g. by checking melting ice and sea levels around Antarctica
744
What was the CCAMLR a response to
Over exploitation of several marine resources in the S. ocean in 1960s and 1970s
745
When was CCAMLR established
1982
746
Limitations of the ATS
Problematic decision making
747
Successes of ATS
Has been recognised as one of the most successful sets of international agreements setting an example of peaceful cooperation for the rest of the world There has still been no major problems
748
What is the purpose of the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty (1991)
It’s purpose is to give extra protection to the environment of Antarctica, especially against mineral exploitation
749
What global institutions is Antarctica governed by
International Whaling Commission (IWC) The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) The Commission of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR)
750
What is the International Whaling Commissions (IWC)
Responsible for regulating whaling and ensuring that the whale population is at a sustainable level.
751
What did the IWC set up in 1994
A whale sanctuary in the S. ocean to protect whales
752
What does the UNEP do
Governs the world’s environment
753
What do countries that signed the UNEP agree to
Ban all mineral resource activity including exploitation of the continental shelf Promote comprehensive monitoring and assessment in order to minimise human impacts on the fragile ecosystems
754
When was the IWC established
1946
755
Why are NGOs vital in Antarctica
As govs alone can’t help to monitor, understand or control every aspect of Antarctica
756
What do NGOs provide
Expertise, champion causes, contribute independent perspectives, rally public support. E.g. through social media and provoke action
757
Examples of NGOs
The Antarctic and Southern Ocean Coalition (ASOC)
758
Why have ASOC been successful
Work of the Antarctic Ocean Alliance (AOA), a project of ASOC champions the case for designing marine protected areas and marine reserves in East Antarctica, the Ross sea and the Weddell sea
759
What were the ASOCs initial objectives
Conclude negotiations of the world’s first ecosystem as a whole treaty on fishing Prevent oil, gas and minerals exploitation by blocking ratification of the proposed Minerals convention
760
When was ASOC formed
1978
761
What does the ASOC monitor
Monitors environmental changes in Antarctica and checks if countries are sticking to the rules Also monitors the effects of climate change e.g. by checking melting ice and sea levels around Antarctica
762
What was the CCAMLR a response to
Over exploitation of several marine resources in the S. ocean in 1960s and 1970s
763
When was CCAMLR established
1982
764
Limitations of the ATS
Problematic decision making
765
Successes of ATS
Has been recognised as one of the most successful sets of international agreements setting an example of peaceful cooperation for the rest of the world There has still been no major problems
766
What is the purpose of the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty (1991)
It’s purpose is to give extra protection to the environment of Antarctica, especially against mineral exploitation
767
What global institutions is Antarctica governed by
International Whaling Commission (IWC) The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) The Commission of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR)
768
What is the International Whaling Commissions (IWC)
Responsible for regulating whaling and ensuring that the whale population is at a sustainable level.
769
What did the IWC set up in 1994
A whale sanctuary in the S. ocean to protect whales
770
What does the UNEP do
Governs the world’s environment
771
What do countries that signed the UNEP agree to
Ban all mineral resource activity including exploitation of the continental shelf Promote comprehensive monitoring and assessment in order to minimise human impacts on the fragile ecosystems
772
When was the IWC established
1946
773
Why are NGOs vital in Antarctica
As govs alone can’t help to monitor, understand or control every aspect of Antarctica
774
What do NGOs provide
Expertise, champion causes, contribute independent perspectives, rally public support. E.g. through social media and provoke action
775
Examples of NGOs
The Antarctic and Southern Ocean Coalition (ASOC)
776
Why have ASOC been successful
Work of the Antarctic Ocean Alliance (AOA), a project of ASOC champions the case for designing marine protected areas and marine reserves in East Antarctica, the Ross sea and the Weddell sea
777
What were the ASOCs initial objectives
Conclude negotiations of the world’s first ecosystem as a whole treaty on fishing Prevent oil, gas and minerals exploitation by blocking ratification of the proposed Minerals convention
778
When was ASOC formed
1978
779
What does the ASOC monitor
Monitors environmental changes in Antarctica and checks if countries are sticking to the rules Also monitors the effects of climate change e.g. by checking melting ice and sea levels around Antarctica
780
What was the CCAMLR a response to
Over exploitation of several marine resources in the S. ocean in 1960s and 1970s
781
When was CCAMLR established
1982
782
Limitations of the ATS
Problematic decision making
783
Successes of ATS
Has been recognised as one of the most successful sets of international agreements setting an example of peaceful cooperation for the rest of the world There has still been no major problems
784
What is the purpose of the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty (1991)
It’s purpose is to give extra protection to the environment of Antarctica, especially against mineral exploitation
785
What global institutions is Antarctica governed by
International Whaling Commission (IWC) The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) The Commission of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR)
786
What is the International Whaling Commissions (IWC)
Responsible for regulating whaling and ensuring that the whale population is at a sustainable level.
787
What did the IWC set up in 1994
A whale sanctuary in the S. ocean to protect whales
788
What does the UNEP do
Governs the world’s environment
789
What do countries that signed the UNEP agree to
Ban all mineral resource activity including exploitation of the continental shelf Promote comprehensive monitoring and assessment in order to minimise human impacts on the fragile ecosystems
790
When was the IWC established
1946
791
Why are NGOs vital in Antarctica
As govs alone can’t help to monitor, understand or control every aspect of Antarctica
792
What do NGOs provide
Expertise, champion causes, contribute independent perspectives, rally public support. E.g. through social media and provoke action
793
Examples of NGOs
The Antarctic and Southern Ocean Coalition (ASOC)
794
Why have ASOC been successful
Work of the Antarctic Ocean Alliance (AOA), a project of ASOC champions the case for designing marine protected areas and marine reserves in East Antarctica, the Ross sea and the Weddell sea
795
What were the ASOCs initial objectives
Conclude negotiations of the world’s first ecosystem as a whole treaty on fishing Prevent oil, gas and minerals exploitation by blocking ratification of the proposed Minerals convention
796
When was ASOC formed
1978
797
What does the ASOC monitor
Monitors environmental changes in Antarctica and checks if countries are sticking to the rules Also monitors the effects of climate change e.g. by checking melting ice and sea levels around Antarctica
798
What was the CCAMLR a response to
Over exploitation of several marine resources in the S. ocean in 1960s and 1970s
799
When was CCAMLR established
1982
800
Limitations of the ATS
Problematic decision making
801
Successes of ATS
Has been recognised as one of the most successful sets of international agreements setting an example of peaceful cooperation for the rest of the world There has still been no major problems
802
What is the purpose of the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty (1991)
It’s purpose is to give extra protection to the environment of Antarctica, especially against mineral exploitation
803
What global institutions is Antarctica governed by
International Whaling Commission (IWC) | The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
804
What is the International Whaling Commissions (IWC)
Responsible for regulating whaling and ensuring that the whale population is at a sustainable level.
805
What did the IWC set up in 1994
A whale sanctuary in the S. ocean to protect whales
806
What does the UNEP do
Governs the world’s environment
807
What is the purpose of the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty (1991)
It’s purpose is to give extra protection to the environment of Antarctica, especially against mineral exploitation
808
What global institutions is Antarctica governed by
International Whaling Commission (IWC) | The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
809
What is the International Whaling Commissions (IWC)
Responsible for regulating whaling and ensuring that the whale population is at a sustainable level.
810
What did the IWC set up in 1994
A whale sanctuary in the S. ocean to protect whales
811
What does the UNEP do
Governs the world’s environment
812
What is the purpose of the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty (1991)
It’s purpose is to give extra protection to the environment of Antarctica, especially against mineral exploitation
813
What global institutions is Antarctica governed by
International Whaling Commission (IWC) | The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
814
What is the International Whaling Commissions (IWC)
Responsible for regulating whaling and ensuring that the whale population is at a sustainable level.
815
What did the IWC set up in 1994
A whale sanctuary in the S. ocean to protect whales
816
What does the UNEP do
Governs the world’s environment
817
What is the purpose of the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty (1991)
It’s purpose is to give extra protection to the environment of Antarctica, especially against mineral exploitation
818
What global institutions is Antarctica governed by
International Whaling Commission (IWC) | The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
819
What is the International Whaling Commissions (IWC)
Responsible for regulating whaling and ensuring that the whale population is at a sustainable level.
820
What did the IWC set up in 1994
A whale sanctuary in the S. ocean to protect whales
821
What does the UNEP do
Governs the world’s environment
822
What is the purpose of the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty (1991)
It’s purpose is to give extra protection to the environment of Antarctica, especially against mineral exploitation
823
What global institutions is Antarctica governed by
International Whaling Commission (IWC) | The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
824
What is the International Whaling Commissions (IWC)
Responsible for regulating whaling and ensuring that the whale population is at a sustainable level.
825
What did the IWC set up in 1994
A whale sanctuary in the S. ocean to protect whales
826
What does the UNEP do
Governs the world’s environment
827
What is the purpose of the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty (1991)
It’s purpose is to give extra protection to the environment of Antarctica, especially against mineral exploitation
828
What global institutions is Antarctica governed by
International Whaling Commission (IWC) | The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
829
What is the International Whaling Commissions (IWC)
Responsible for regulating whaling and ensuring that the whale population is at a sustainable level.
830
What did the IWC set up in 1994
A whale sanctuary in the S. ocean to protect whales
831
What does the UNEP do
Governs the world’s environment
832
What is the purpose of the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty (1991)
It’s purpose is to give extra protection to the environment of Antarctica, especially against mineral exploitation
833
What global institutions is Antarctica governed by
International Whaling Commission (IWC) | The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
834
What is the International Whaling Commissions (IWC)
Responsible for regulating whaling and ensuring that the whale population is at a sustainable level.
835
What did the IWC set up in 1994
A whale sanctuary in the S. ocean to protect whales
836
What does the UNEP do
Governs the world’s environment
837
What is the purpose of the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty (1991)
It’s purpose is to give extra protection to the environment of Antarctica, especially against mineral exploitation
838
What global institutions is Antarctica governed by
International Whaling Commission (IWC) | The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
839
What is the International Whaling Commissions (IWC)
Responsible for regulating whaling and ensuring that the whale population is at a sustainable level.
840
What did the IWC set up in 1994
A whale sanctuary in the S. ocean to protect whales
841
What does the UNEP do
Governs the world’s environment
842
What is the purpose of the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty (1991)
It’s purpose is to give extra protection to the environment of Antarctica, especially against mineral exploitation
843
What global institutions is Antarctica governed by
International Whaling Commission (IWC) | The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
844
What is the International Whaling Commissions (IWC)
Responsible for regulating whaling and ensuring that the whale population is at a sustainable level.
845
What did the IWC set up in 1994
A whale sanctuary in the S. ocean to protect whales
846
What does the UNEP do
Governs the world’s environment
847
What is the purpose of the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty (1991)
It’s purpose is to give extra protection to the environment of Antarctica, especially against mineral exploitation
848
What global institutions is Antarctica governed by
International Whaling Commission (IWC) | The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
849
What is the International Whaling Commissions (IWC)
Responsible for regulating whaling and ensuring that the whale population is at a sustainable level.
850
What did the IWC set up in 1994
A whale sanctuary in the S. ocean to protect whales
851
What does the UNEP do
Governs the world’s environment
852
What is the purpose of the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty (1991)
It’s purpose is to give extra protection to the environment of Antarctica, especially against mineral exploitation
853
What global institutions is Antarctica governed by
International Whaling Commission (IWC) | The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
854
What is the International Whaling Commissions (IWC)
Responsible for regulating whaling and ensuring that the whale population is at a sustainable level.
855
What did the IWC set up in 1994
A whale sanctuary in the S. ocean to protect whales
856
What does the UNEP do
Governs the world’s environment
857
What is the purpose of the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty (1991)
It’s purpose is to give extra protection to the environment of Antarctica, especially against mineral exploitation
858
What global institutions is Antarctica governed by
International Whaling Commission (IWC) | The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
859
What is the International Whaling Commissions (IWC)
Responsible for regulating whaling and ensuring that the whale population is at a sustainable level.
860
What did the IWC set up in 1994
A whale sanctuary in the S. ocean to protect whales
861
What does the UNEP do
Governs the world’s environment
862
What is the purpose of the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty (1991)
It’s purpose is to give extra protection to the environment of Antarctica, especially against mineral exploitation
863
What global institutions is Antarctica governed by
International Whaling Commission (IWC) | The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
864
What is the International Whaling Commissions (IWC)
Responsible for regulating whaling and ensuring that the whale population is at a sustainable level.
865
What did the IWC set up in 1994
A whale sanctuary in the S. ocean to protect whales
866
What does the UNEP do
Governs the world’s environment
867
What is the purpose of the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty (1991)
It’s purpose is to give extra protection to the environment of Antarctica, especially against mineral exploitation
868
What global institutions is Antarctica governed by
International Whaling Commission (IWC) | The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
869
What is the International Whaling Commissions (IWC)
Responsible for regulating whaling and ensuring that the whale population is at a sustainable level.
870
What did the IWC set up in 1994
A whale sanctuary in the S. ocean to protect whales
871
What does the UNEP do
Governs the world’s environment
872
What is the purpose of the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty (1991)
It’s purpose is to give extra protection to the environment of Antarctica, especially against mineral exploitation
873
What global institutions is Antarctica governed by
International Whaling Commission (IWC) | The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
874
What is the International Whaling Commissions (IWC)
Responsible for regulating whaling and ensuring that the whale population is at a sustainable level.
875
What did the IWC set up in 1994
A whale sanctuary in the S. ocean to protect whales
876
What does the UNEP do
Governs the world’s environment

Human Geography- Case Studies (2 decks)

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