Global Governance - Antarctica Flashcards
What is most of continents coastline fringed by
Ice shelves
Example of ice shelf in Antarctica
Ross ice shelf in the Ross sea- covers more than the British Isles
What is the Antarctic Convergence
A curve continuously encircling Antarctica where cold northward flowing Antarctica waters meet the relatively warmer waters of the sub-Antarctic
How wide is the Antarctic Convergence
32 to 48 km wide
What does the Antarctic Convergence separate
- 2 distinct hydrological regions
- areas of distinct climate
- areas of distinctive wild life
What does the warmer and colder waters meeting create
A highly productive marine environment for plantlife and animals e.g. krill due to the mixing and upwelling currents
What happens at the Antarctic Convergence
Warm, more saline waters coming south from the tropics meet the cold, denser and mainly non-saline waters moving north from the Antarctic.
What is the Antarctic Circumpolar Current
The largest surface current in the world which flows around Antarctica, blocking warmer waters travelling southwards
What percentage is Antarctica covered by ice
97%
What divides the continent into East Antarctica and West Antarctica
The Transantarctic Mountains
What is the average temp in Antarctica
-49 degrees
What’s the mean annual wind speed
50 moth
What is the mean annual precipitation
Less than 50 mm, can be described as a polar desert
What are the thick ice sheets a result of
Accumulation of small inputs of snow and frost over a very long period of time
What type of climate do some coastal areas have
Micro climate and topographic conditions which cause enough melting during summer months to allow some land to remain free of glaciers
What are the 4 threats to Antarctica
Fishing and whaling
Climate change
Search for mineral resources
Tourism and scientific research
When did exploitation of marine life start
Antarcticas discovery in 18th century led to economic activities e.g. fishing, whaling, seating
What is beneath the ice of West Antarctica
An archipelago of steep mountainous islands
Why is the environment extremely fragile
It’s east to disrupt any part of it with knock on effects
Environmental recovery is slow - e.g. footprints on moss can remain for decades
How low have dry valleys not had precipitation for
Over 2 million years
When were fur seals of South Georgia wiped out
By 1800 and 3 years later virtually eradicated from South Shetland islands
When did whaling have a more deviating effect
19th century
What 3 nationalities exploited blue and white whales in 19th century
Norwegian, British and American
What were whales exploited for
In 19th century oil and baleen
In 20th century meat extract and frozen whale meat
What has recently raised concerns about overfishing
Russian and Japanese exploitation of S. ocean for rock cod and krill
What is the most killed fished creature
Antarctica krill in 2013 over 200,000 tonnes were fished
Why do some people still kill whale even though whaling has been banned
‘Scientific purposes’
Why does it take a long time for whale stocks to replenish
Whales are slow breeding
What do known mineral deposits include
Coal, oil, manganese, titanium, gold and silver including oil under the S. ocean
What would mineral exploitation have to overcome
The seriously hostile environment e.g. inaccessibility the extreme climate and deep covering of moving ice sheetand glaciers
Who is the continent populated by
Scientists at a small no of permanent research stations. These scientist are well briefed about the need for care of the environment
Why are scientists a threat
Any activity is bound to create some degree of disturbance. Impacts are caused by vehicle exhausts, construction of buildings and related facilities e.g. fuel storages
What are the 3 types of Antarctic tourism
Camping trips for naturalists
Ship-board visits
Over- flights
Why do people visit Antarctica
It’s isolations
Landscapes
Wildlife
How many tourists where there in Antarctica in 2011-12
27,000
How many tourists were their in 1980s
<2000
How does tourism affect the environment
Air travel and shipping leads to water and air pollution. Fuel spills could be caused if boats hit icebergs
How can tourism affect wildlife
Disturb breeding colonies of birds
Trampling damages fragile vegetation and erodes the landscape
What are the Antarctic Treaty System rules
One ship at a time landing
Limiting number of tourists ashore and time ashore
Toilet waste is barrelled and transported home
Keep specific distance away from wildlife
What type of people are likely to visit
As tourism is financially exclusive tourists are mainly responsible, well educated and environmentally aware
How much has Antarctica warmed by in the past 50 years
3 degrees
What ice shelves have melted as a result of climate change
sheets around the weddell and Ross sea
What type of penguin are adapted to sea ice
Adélie penguins
What has increased the ice shelves melting
Sea levels rising making the edges of ice shelves unstable
What is ocean acidification
When carbonic acid making the slightly alkaline ocean become less alkaline
Why is the east Antarctic sheet thickening
Warmer sea increase evaporation to condense into cloud droplets and falls as extra snow in the frozen interior. This only slows sea level rise slightly
Why has the West Antarctic ice sheet become thinner
The temp of western Antarctica has risen
How much have temps risen in the Antarctic Peninsula in the past 60 yrs
Temps have risen by 0.5 degrees every decade- up to 5x faster than rest of the world and ice shelves have been breaking up
Who governs Antarctica
It’s not a nation state although 7 countries have made territorial claims to segments of Antarctica
What is the Antarctic Treaty System (ATS)
The main remedy for the international governance of Antarctica
When was the Antarctic Treaty signed
Dec 1959 12 nations signed this agreement including USA and USSR
Why was the Antarctic Treaty created
Avoid disagreement ps and conflict
Resolve disputes over ownership and mining rights
Establish guidelines to limit development on the continent
What would the ATS do
Guarantee free access and research rights to all countries
Prohibit military activity such as nuclear bomb testing
Ban the dumping of nuclear waste
What is the purpose of the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty (1991) (Madrid Protocol)
It’s purpose is to give extra protection to the environment of Antarctica, especially against mineral exploitation
What global institutions is Antarctica governed by
International Whaling Commission (IWC)
The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
The Commission of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR)
What is the International Whaling Commissions (IWC)
Responsible for regulating whaling and ensuring that the whale population is at a sustainable level.
What did the IWC set up in 1994
A whale sanctuary in the S. ocean to protect whales
What does the UNEP do
Governs the world’s environment
What do countries that signed the UNEP agree to
Ban all mineral resource activity including exploitation of the continental shelf
Promote comprehensive monitoring and assessment in order to minimise human impacts on the fragile ecosystems
When was the IWC established
1946
Why are NGOs vital in Antarctica
As govs alone can’t help to monitor, understand or control every aspect of Antarctica
What do NGOs provide
Expertise, champion causes, contribute independent perspectives, rally public support. E.g. through social media and provoke action
Examples of NGOs
The Antarctic and Southern Ocean Coalition (ASOC)
Why have ASOC been successful
When a precautionary ecosystem approach was embedded into the Antarctic Treaty and blocking the Minerals Convention
What were the ASOCs initial objectives
Conclude negotiations of the world’s first ecosystem as a whole treaty on fishing
Prevent oil, gas and minerals exploitation by blocking ratification of the proposed Minerals convention
When was ASOC formed
1978
What does the ASOC monitor
Monitors environmental changes in Antarctica and checks if countries are sticking to the rules
Also monitors the effects of climate change e.g. by checking melting ice and sea levels around Antarctica
What was the CCAMLR a response to
Over exploitation of several marine resources in the S. ocean in 1960s and 1970s
When was CCAMLR established
1982
Limitations of the ATS
Problematic decision making
Successes of ATS
Has been recognised as one of the most successful sets of international agreements setting an example of peaceful cooperation for the rest of the world
There has still been no major problems
What is the ASOC
An umbrella group with 30 different NGOs
What NGOs fall under the ASOC
Worldwide Fund for Nature (WWF)
Friend of the Earth
Greenpeace
What do the ASOC currently campaign for
Negotiating a legally binding Polar Code covering all vessels operating in S. Ocean
Mitigating impacts of climate change
Strengthening Whale Sanctuary
Why does the IWC try to provide
Complete protection of certain whale species
Established limits on the numbers and size of whales which may be taken
Prohibition on capture of suckling calves and female whales accompanied by calves
What is the purpose of the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty (1991)
It’s purpose is to give extra protection to the environment of Antarctica, especially against mineral exploitation
What global institutions is Antarctica governed by
International Whaling Commission (IWC)
The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
The Commission of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR)
What is the International Whaling Commissions (IWC)
Responsible for regulating whaling and ensuring that the whale population is at a sustainable level.
What did the IWC set up in 1994
A whale sanctuary in the S. ocean to protect whales
What does the UNEP do
Governs the world’s environment
What do countries that signed the UNEP agree to
Ban all mineral resource activity including exploitation of the continental shelf
Promote comprehensive monitoring and assessment in order to minimise human impacts on the fragile ecosystems
When was the IWC established
1946
Why are NGOs vital in Antarctica
As govs alone can’t help to monitor, understand or control every aspect of Antarctica
What do NGOs provide
Expertise, champion causes, contribute independent perspectives, rally public support. E.g. through social media and provoke action
Examples of NGOs
The Antarctic and Southern Ocean Coalition (ASOC)
Why have ASOC been successful
When a precautionary ecosystem approach was embedded into the Antarctic Treaty and blocking the Minerals Convention
What were the ASOCs initial objectives
Conclude negotiations of the world’s first ecosystem as a whole treaty on fishing
Prevent oil, gas and minerals exploitation by blocking ratification of the proposed Minerals convention
When was ASOC formed
1978
What does the ASOC monitor
Monitors environmental changes in Antarctica and checks if countries are sticking to the rules
Also monitors the effects of climate change e.g. by checking melting ice and sea levels around Antarctica
What was the CCAMLR a response to
Over exploitation of several marine resources in the S. ocean in 1960s and 1970s
When was CCAMLR established
1982
Limitations of the ATS
Problematic decision making
Successes of ATS
Has been recognised as one of the most successful sets of international agreements setting an example of peaceful cooperation for the rest of the world
There has still been no major problems
What is the ASOC
An umbrella group with 30 different NGOs
What NGOs fall under the ASOC
Worldwide Fund for Nature (WWF)
Friend of the Earth
Greenpeace
What is the purpose of the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty (1991)
It’s purpose is to give extra protection to the environment of Antarctica, especially against mineral exploitation
What global institutions is Antarctica governed by
International Whaling Commission (IWC)
The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
The Commission of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR)
What is the International Whaling Commissions (IWC)
Responsible for regulating whaling and ensuring that the whale population is at a sustainable level.
What did the IWC set up in 1994
A whale sanctuary in the S. ocean to protect whales
What does the UNEP do
Governs the world’s environment
What do countries that signed the UNEP agree to
Ban all mineral resource activity including exploitation of the continental shelf
Promote comprehensive monitoring and assessment in order to minimise human impacts on the fragile ecosystems
When was the IWC established
1946
Why are NGOs vital in Antarctica
As govs alone can’t help to monitor, understand or control every aspect of Antarctica
What do NGOs provide
Expertise, champion causes, contribute independent perspectives, rally public support. E.g. through social media and provoke action
Examples of NGOs
The Antarctic and Southern Ocean Coalition (ASOC)
Why have ASOC been successful
When a precautionary ecosystem approach was embedded into the Antarctic Treaty and blocking the Minerals Convention
What were the ASOCs initial objectives
Conclude negotiations of the world’s first ecosystem as a whole treaty on fishing
Prevent oil, gas and minerals exploitation by blocking ratification of the proposed Minerals convention
When was ASOC formed
1978
What does the ASOC monitor
Monitors environmental changes in Antarctica and checks if countries are sticking to the rules
Also monitors the effects of climate change e.g. by checking melting ice and sea levels around Antarctica
What was the CCAMLR a response to
Over exploitation of several marine resources in the S. ocean in 1960s and 1970s
When was CCAMLR established
1982
Limitations of the ATS
Problematic decision making
Successes of ATS
Has been recognised as one of the most successful sets of international agreements setting an example of peaceful cooperation for the rest of the world
There has still been no major problems
What is the ASOC
An umbrella group with 30 different NGOs
What NGOs fall under the ASOC
Worldwide Fund for Nature (WWF)
Friend of the Earth
Greenpeace
What is the purpose of the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty (1991)
It’s purpose is to give extra protection to the environment of Antarctica, especially against mineral exploitation
What global institutions is Antarctica governed by
International Whaling Commission (IWC)
The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
The Commission of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR)
What is the International Whaling Commissions (IWC)
Responsible for regulating whaling and ensuring that the whale population is at a sustainable level.
What did the IWC set up in 1994
A whale sanctuary in the S. ocean to protect whales
What does the UNEP do
Governs the world’s environment
What do countries that signed the UNEP agree to
Ban all mineral resource activity including exploitation of the continental shelf
Promote comprehensive monitoring and assessment in order to minimise human impacts on the fragile ecosystems
When was the IWC established
1946
Why are NGOs vital in Antarctica
As govs alone can’t help to monitor, understand or control every aspect of Antarctica
What do NGOs provide
Expertise, champion causes, contribute independent perspectives, rally public support. E.g. through social media and provoke action
Examples of NGOs
The Antarctic and Southern Ocean Coalition (ASOC)
Why have ASOC been successful
When a precautionary ecosystem approach was embedded into the Antarctic Treaty and blocking the Minerals Convention
What were the ASOCs initial objectives
Conclude negotiations of the world’s first ecosystem as a whole treaty on fishing
Prevent oil, gas and minerals exploitation by blocking ratification of the proposed Minerals convention
When was ASOC formed
1978
What does the ASOC monitor
Monitors environmental changes in Antarctica and checks if countries are sticking to the rules
Also monitors the effects of climate change e.g. by checking melting ice and sea levels around Antarctica
What was the CCAMLR a response to
Over exploitation of several marine resources in the S. ocean in 1960s and 1970s
When was CCAMLR established
1982
Limitations of the ATS
Problematic decision making
Successes of ATS
Has been recognised as one of the most successful sets of international agreements setting an example of peaceful cooperation for the rest of the world
There has still been no major problems
What is the ASOC
An umbrella group with 30 different NGOs
What NGOs fall under the ASOC
Worldwide Fund for Nature (WWF)
Friend of the Earth
Greenpeace
What is the purpose of the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty (1991)
It’s purpose is to give extra protection to the environment of Antarctica, especially against mineral exploitation
What global institutions is Antarctica governed by
International Whaling Commission (IWC)
The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
The Commission of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR)
What is the International Whaling Commissions (IWC)
Responsible for regulating whaling and ensuring that the whale population is at a sustainable level.
What did the IWC set up in 1994
A whale sanctuary in the S. ocean to protect whales
What does the UNEP do
Governs the world’s environment
What do countries that signed the UNEP agree to
Ban all mineral resource activity including exploitation of the continental shelf
Promote comprehensive monitoring and assessment in order to minimise human impacts on the fragile ecosystems
When was the IWC established
1946
Why are NGOs vital in Antarctica
As govs alone can’t help to monitor, understand or control every aspect of Antarctica
What do NGOs provide
Expertise, champion causes, contribute independent perspectives, rally public support. E.g. through social media and provoke action
Examples of NGOs
The Antarctic and Southern Ocean Coalition (ASOC)
Why have ASOC been successful
When a precautionary ecosystem approach was embedded into the Antarctic Treaty and blocking the Minerals Convention
What were the ASOCs initial objectives
Conclude negotiations of the world’s first ecosystem as a whole treaty on fishing
Prevent oil, gas and minerals exploitation by blocking ratification of the proposed Minerals convention
When was ASOC formed
1978
What does the ASOC monitor
Monitors environmental changes in Antarctica and checks if countries are sticking to the rules
Also monitors the effects of climate change e.g. by checking melting ice and sea levels around Antarctica
What was the CCAMLR a response to
Over exploitation of several marine resources in the S. ocean in 1960s and 1970s
When was CCAMLR established
1982
Limitations of the ATS
Problematic decision making
Successes of ATS
Has been recognised as one of the most successful sets of international agreements setting an example of peaceful cooperation for the rest of the world
There has still been no major problems
What is the ASOC
An umbrella group with 30 different NGOs
What NGOs fall under the ASOC
Worldwide Fund for Nature (WWF)
Friend of the Earth
Greenpeace
What is the purpose of the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty (1991)
It’s purpose is to give extra protection to the environment of Antarctica, especially against mineral exploitation
What global institutions is Antarctica governed by
International Whaling Commission (IWC)
The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
The Commission of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR)
What is the International Whaling Commissions (IWC)
Responsible for regulating whaling and ensuring that the whale population is at a sustainable level.
What did the IWC set up in 1994
A whale sanctuary in the S. ocean to protect whales
What does the UNEP do
Governs the world’s environment
What do countries that signed the UNEP agree to
Ban all mineral resource activity including exploitation of the continental shelf
Promote comprehensive monitoring and assessment in order to minimise human impacts on the fragile ecosystems
When was the IWC established
1946
Why are NGOs vital in Antarctica
As govs alone can’t help to monitor, understand or control every aspect of Antarctica
What do NGOs provide
Expertise, champion causes, contribute independent perspectives, rally public support. E.g. through social media and provoke action
Examples of NGOs
The Antarctic and Southern Ocean Coalition (ASOC)
Why have ASOC been successful
When a precautionary ecosystem approach was embedded into the Antarctic Treaty and blocking the Minerals Convention
What were the ASOCs initial objectives
Conclude negotiations of the world’s first ecosystem as a whole treaty on fishing
Prevent oil, gas and minerals exploitation by blocking ratification of the proposed Minerals convention
When was ASOC formed
1978
What does the ASOC monitor
Monitors environmental changes in Antarctica and checks if countries are sticking to the rules
Also monitors the effects of climate change e.g. by checking melting ice and sea levels around Antarctica
What was the CCAMLR a response to
Over exploitation of several marine resources in the S. ocean in 1960s and 1970s
When was CCAMLR established
1982
Limitations of the ATS
Problematic decision making
Successes of ATS
Has been recognised as one of the most successful sets of international agreements setting an example of peaceful cooperation for the rest of the world
There has still been no major problems
What is the ASOC
An umbrella group with 30 different NGOs
What NGOs fall under the ASOC
Worldwide Fund for Nature (WWF)
Friend of the Earth
Greenpeace
What is the purpose of the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty (1991)
It’s purpose is to give extra protection to the environment of Antarctica, especially against mineral exploitation
What global institutions is Antarctica governed by
International Whaling Commission (IWC)
The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
The Commission of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR)
What is the International Whaling Commissions (IWC)
Responsible for regulating whaling and ensuring that the whale population is at a sustainable level.
What did the IWC set up in 1994
A whale sanctuary in the S. ocean to protect whales
What does the UNEP do
Governs the world’s environment
What do countries that signed the UNEP agree to
Ban all mineral resource activity including exploitation of the continental shelf
Promote comprehensive monitoring and assessment in order to minimise human impacts on the fragile ecosystems
When was the IWC established
1946
Why are NGOs vital in Antarctica
As govs alone can’t help to monitor, understand or control every aspect of Antarctica
What do NGOs provide
Expertise, champion causes, contribute independent perspectives, rally public support. E.g. through social media and provoke action
Examples of NGOs
The Antarctic and Southern Ocean Coalition (ASOC)
Why have ASOC been successful
When a precautionary ecosystem approach was embedded into the Antarctic Treaty and blocking the Minerals Convention
What were the ASOCs initial objectives
Conclude negotiations of the world’s first ecosystem as a whole treaty on fishing
Prevent oil, gas and minerals exploitation by blocking ratification of the proposed Minerals convention
When was ASOC formed
1978
What does the ASOC monitor
Monitors environmental changes in Antarctica and checks if countries are sticking to the rules
Also monitors the effects of climate change e.g. by checking melting ice and sea levels around Antarctica
What was the CCAMLR a response to
Over exploitation of several marine resources in the S. ocean in 1960s and 1970s
When was CCAMLR established
1982
Limitations of the ATS
Problematic decision making
Successes of ATS
Has been recognised as one of the most successful sets of international agreements setting an example of peaceful cooperation for the rest of the world
There has still been no major problems
What is the ASOC
An umbrella group with 30 different NGOs
What NGOs fall under the ASOC
Worldwide Fund for Nature (WWF)
Friend of the Earth
Greenpeace
What is the purpose of the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty (1991)
It’s purpose is to give extra protection to the environment of Antarctica, especially against mineral exploitation
What global institutions is Antarctica governed by
International Whaling Commission (IWC)
The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
The Commission of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR)
What is the International Whaling Commissions (IWC)
Responsible for regulating whaling and ensuring that the whale population is at a sustainable level.
What did the IWC set up in 1994
A whale sanctuary in the S. ocean to protect whales
What does the UNEP do
Governs the world’s environment
What do countries that signed the UNEP agree to
Ban all mineral resource activity including exploitation of the continental shelf
Promote comprehensive monitoring and assessment in order to minimise human impacts on the fragile ecosystems
When was the IWC established
1946
Why are NGOs vital in Antarctica
As govs alone can’t help to monitor, understand or control every aspect of Antarctica
What do NGOs provide
Expertise, champion causes, contribute independent perspectives, rally public support. E.g. through social media and provoke action
Examples of NGOs
The Antarctic and Southern Ocean Coalition (ASOC)
Why have ASOC been successful
When a precautionary ecosystem approach was embedded into the Antarctic Treaty and blocking the Minerals Convention
What were the ASOCs initial objectives
Conclude negotiations of the world’s first ecosystem as a whole treaty on fishing
Prevent oil, gas and minerals exploitation by blocking ratification of the proposed Minerals convention
When was ASOC formed
1978
What does the ASOC monitor
Monitors environmental changes in Antarctica and checks if countries are sticking to the rules
Also monitors the effects of climate change e.g. by checking melting ice and sea levels around Antarctica
What was the CCAMLR a response to
Over exploitation of several marine resources in the S. ocean in 1960s and 1970s
When was CCAMLR established
1982
Limitations of the ATS
Problematic decision making
Successes of ATS
Has been recognised as one of the most successful sets of international agreements setting an example of peaceful cooperation for the rest of the world
There has still been no major problems
What is the ASOC
An umbrella group with 30 different NGOs
What NGOs fall under the ASOC
Worldwide Fund for Nature (WWF)
Friend of the Earth
Greenpeace
What is the purpose of the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty (1991)
It’s purpose is to give extra protection to the environment of Antarctica, especially against mineral exploitation
What global institutions is Antarctica governed by
International Whaling Commission (IWC)
The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
The Commission of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR)
What is the International Whaling Commissions (IWC)
Responsible for regulating whaling and ensuring that the whale population is at a sustainable level.
What did the IWC set up in 1994
A whale sanctuary in the S. ocean to protect whales
What does the UNEP do
Governs the world’s environment
What do countries that signed the UNEP agree to
Ban all mineral resource activity including exploitation of the continental shelf
Promote comprehensive monitoring and assessment in order to minimise human impacts on the fragile ecosystems
When was the IWC established
1946
Why are NGOs vital in Antarctica
As govs alone can’t help to monitor, understand or control every aspect of Antarctica
What do NGOs provide
Expertise, champion causes, contribute independent perspectives, rally public support. E.g. through social media and provoke action
Examples of NGOs
The Antarctic and Southern Ocean Coalition (ASOC)
Why have ASOC been successful
When a precautionary ecosystem approach was embedded into the Antarctic Treaty and blocking the Minerals Convention
What were the ASOCs initial objectives
Conclude negotiations of the world’s first ecosystem as a whole treaty on fishing
Prevent oil, gas and minerals exploitation by blocking ratification of the proposed Minerals convention
When was ASOC formed
1978
What does the ASOC monitor
Monitors environmental changes in Antarctica and checks if countries are sticking to the rules
Also monitors the effects of climate change e.g. by checking melting ice and sea levels around Antarctica
What was the CCAMLR a response to
Over exploitation of several marine resources in the S. ocean in 1960s and 1970s
When was CCAMLR established
1982
Limitations of the ATS
Problematic decision making
Successes of ATS
Has been recognised as one of the most successful sets of international agreements setting an example of peaceful cooperation for the rest of the world
There has still been no major problems
What is the ASOC
An umbrella group with 30 different NGOs
What NGOs fall under the ASOC
Worldwide Fund for Nature (WWF)
Friend of the Earth
Greenpeace
What is the purpose of the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty (1991)
It’s purpose is to give extra protection to the environment of Antarctica, especially against mineral exploitation
What global institutions is Antarctica governed by
International Whaling Commission (IWC)
The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
The Commission of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR)
What is the International Whaling Commissions (IWC)
Responsible for regulating whaling and ensuring that the whale population is at a sustainable level.
What did the IWC set up in 1994
A whale sanctuary in the S. ocean to protect whales
What does the UNEP do
Governs the world’s environment
What do countries that signed the UNEP agree to
Ban all mineral resource activity including exploitation of the continental shelf
Promote comprehensive monitoring and assessment in order to minimise human impacts on the fragile ecosystems
When was the IWC established
1946
Why are NGOs vital in Antarctica
As govs alone can’t help to monitor, understand or control every aspect of Antarctica
What do NGOs provide
Expertise, champion causes, contribute independent perspectives, rally public support. E.g. through social media and provoke action
Examples of NGOs
The Antarctic and Southern Ocean Coalition (ASOC)
Why have ASOC been successful
When a precautionary ecosystem approach was embedded into the Antarctic Treaty and blocking the Minerals Convention
What were the ASOCs initial objectives
Conclude negotiations of the world’s first ecosystem as a whole treaty on fishing
Prevent oil, gas and minerals exploitation by blocking ratification of the proposed Minerals convention
When was ASOC formed
1978
What does the ASOC monitor
Monitors environmental changes in Antarctica and checks if countries are sticking to the rules
Also monitors the effects of climate change e.g. by checking melting ice and sea levels around Antarctica
What was the CCAMLR a response to
Over exploitation of several marine resources in the S. ocean in 1960s and 1970s
When was CCAMLR established
1982
Limitations of the ATS
Problematic decision making
Successes of ATS
Has been recognised as one of the most successful sets of international agreements setting an example of peaceful cooperation for the rest of the world
There has still been no major problems
What is the ASOC
An umbrella group with 30 different NGOs
What NGOs fall under the ASOC
Worldwide Fund for Nature (WWF)
Friend of the Earth
Greenpeace
What is the purpose of the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty (1991)
It’s purpose is to give extra protection to the environment of Antarctica, especially against mineral exploitation
What global institutions is Antarctica governed by
International Whaling Commission (IWC)
The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
The Commission of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR)
What is the International Whaling Commissions (IWC)
Responsible for regulating whaling and ensuring that the whale population is at a sustainable level.
What did the IWC set up in 1994
A whale sanctuary in the S. ocean to protect whales
What does the UNEP do
Governs the world’s environment
What do countries that signed the UNEP agree to
Ban all mineral resource activity including exploitation of the continental shelf
Promote comprehensive monitoring and assessment in order to minimise human impacts on the fragile ecosystems
When was the IWC established
1946
Why are NGOs vital in Antarctica
As govs alone can’t help to monitor, understand or control every aspect of Antarctica
What do NGOs provide
Expertise, champion causes, contribute independent perspectives, rally public support. E.g. through social media and provoke action
Examples of NGOs
The Antarctic and Southern Ocean Coalition (ASOC)
Why have ASOC been successful
When a precautionary ecosystem approach was embedded into the Antarctic Treaty and blocking the Minerals Convention
What were the ASOCs initial objectives
Conclude negotiations of the world’s first ecosystem as a whole treaty on fishing
Prevent oil, gas and minerals exploitation by blocking ratification of the proposed Minerals convention
When was ASOC formed
1978
What does the ASOC monitor
Monitors environmental changes in Antarctica and checks if countries are sticking to the rules
Also monitors the effects of climate change e.g. by checking melting ice and sea levels around Antarctica
What was the CCAMLR a response to
Over exploitation of several marine resources in the S. ocean in 1960s and 1970s
When was CCAMLR established
1982
Limitations of the ATS
Problematic decision making
Successes of ATS
Has been recognised as one of the most successful sets of international agreements setting an example of peaceful cooperation for the rest of the world
There has still been no major problems
What is the ASOC
An umbrella group with 30 different NGOs
What NGOs fall under the ASOC
Worldwide Fund for Nature (WWF)
Friend of the Earth
Greenpeace
What is the purpose of the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty (1991)
It’s purpose is to give extra protection to the environment of Antarctica, especially against mineral exploitation
What global institutions is Antarctica governed by
International Whaling Commission (IWC)
The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
The Commission of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR)
What is the International Whaling Commissions (IWC)
Responsible for regulating whaling and ensuring that the whale population is at a sustainable level.
What did the IWC set up in 1994
A whale sanctuary in the S. ocean to protect whales
What does the UNEP do
Governs the world’s environment
What do countries that signed the UNEP agree to
Ban all mineral resource activity including exploitation of the continental shelf
Promote comprehensive monitoring and assessment in order to minimise human impacts on the fragile ecosystems
When was the IWC established
1946
Why are NGOs vital in Antarctica
As govs alone can’t help to monitor, understand or control every aspect of Antarctica
What do NGOs provide
Expertise, champion causes, contribute independent perspectives, rally public support. E.g. through social media and provoke action
Examples of NGOs
The Antarctic and Southern Ocean Coalition (ASOC)
Why have ASOC been successful
When a precautionary ecosystem approach was embedded into the Antarctic Treaty and blocking the Minerals Convention
What were the ASOCs initial objectives
Conclude negotiations of the world’s first ecosystem as a whole treaty on fishing
Prevent oil, gas and minerals exploitation by blocking ratification of the proposed Minerals convention
When was ASOC formed
1978
What does the ASOC monitor
Monitors environmental changes in Antarctica and checks if countries are sticking to the rules
Also monitors the effects of climate change e.g. by checking melting ice and sea levels around Antarctica
What was the CCAMLR a response to
Over exploitation of several marine resources in the S. ocean in 1960s and 1970s
When was CCAMLR established
1982
Limitations of the ATS
Problematic decision making
Successes of ATS
Has been recognised as one of the most successful sets of international agreements setting an example of peaceful cooperation for the rest of the world
There has still been no major problems
What is the ASOC
An umbrella group with 30 different NGOs
What NGOs fall under the ASOC
Worldwide Fund for Nature (WWF)
Friend of the Earth
Greenpeace
What is the purpose of the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty (1991)
It’s purpose is to give extra protection to the environment of Antarctica, especially against mineral exploitation
What global institutions is Antarctica governed by
International Whaling Commission (IWC)
The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
The Commission of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR)
What is the International Whaling Commissions (IWC)
Responsible for regulating whaling and ensuring that the whale population is at a sustainable level.
What did the IWC set up in 1994
A whale sanctuary in the S. ocean to protect whales
What does the UNEP do
Governs the world’s environment
What do countries that signed the UNEP agree to
Ban all mineral resource activity including exploitation of the continental shelf
Promote comprehensive monitoring and assessment in order to minimise human impacts on the fragile ecosystems
When was the IWC established
1946
Why are NGOs vital in Antarctica
As govs alone can’t help to monitor, understand or control every aspect of Antarctica
What do NGOs provide
Expertise, champion causes, contribute independent perspectives, rally public support. E.g. through social media and provoke action
Examples of NGOs
The Antarctic and Southern Ocean Coalition (ASOC)
Why have ASOC been successful
When a precautionary ecosystem approach was embedded into the Antarctic Treaty and blocking the Minerals Convention
What were the ASOCs initial objectives
Conclude negotiations of the world’s first ecosystem as a whole treaty on fishing
Prevent oil, gas and minerals exploitation by blocking ratification of the proposed Minerals convention
When was ASOC formed
1978
What does the ASOC monitor
Monitors environmental changes in Antarctica and checks if countries are sticking to the rules
Also monitors the effects of climate change e.g. by checking melting ice and sea levels around Antarctica
What was the CCAMLR a response to
Over exploitation of several marine resources in the S. ocean in 1960s and 1970s
When was CCAMLR established
1982
Limitations of the ATS
Problematic decision making
Successes of ATS
Has been recognised as one of the most successful sets of international agreements setting an example of peaceful cooperation for the rest of the world
There has still been no major problems
What is the ASOC
An umbrella group with 30 different NGOs
What NGOs fall under the ASOC
Worldwide Fund for Nature (WWF)
Friend of the Earth
Greenpeace
What is the purpose of the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty (1991)
It’s purpose is to give extra protection to the environment of Antarctica, especially against mineral exploitation
What global institutions is Antarctica governed by
International Whaling Commission (IWC)
The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
The Commission of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR)
What is the International Whaling Commissions (IWC)
Responsible for regulating whaling and ensuring that the whale population is at a sustainable level.
What did the IWC set up in 1994
A whale sanctuary in the S. ocean to protect whales
What does the UNEP do
Governs the world’s environment
What do countries that signed the UNEP agree to
Ban all mineral resource activity including exploitation of the continental shelf
Promote comprehensive monitoring and assessment in order to minimise human impacts on the fragile ecosystems
When was the IWC established
1946
Why are NGOs vital in Antarctica
As govs alone can’t help to monitor, understand or control every aspect of Antarctica
What do NGOs provide
Expertise, champion causes, contribute independent perspectives, rally public support. E.g. through social media and provoke action
Examples of NGOs
The Antarctic and Southern Ocean Coalition (ASOC)
Why have ASOC been successful
Work of the Antarctic Ocean Alliance (AOA), a project of ASOC champions the case for designing marine protected areas and marine reserves in East Antarctica, the Ross sea and the Weddell sea
What were the ASOCs initial objectives
Conclude negotiations of the world’s first ecosystem as a whole treaty on fishing
Prevent oil, gas and minerals exploitation by blocking ratification of the proposed Minerals convention
When was ASOC formed
1978
What does the ASOC monitor
Monitors environmental changes in Antarctica and checks if countries are sticking to the rules
Also monitors the effects of climate change e.g. by checking melting ice and sea levels around Antarctica
What was the CCAMLR a response to
Over exploitation of several marine resources in the S. ocean in 1960s and 1970s
When was CCAMLR established
1982
Limitations of the ATS
Problematic decision making
Successes of ATS
Has been recognised as one of the most successful sets of international agreements setting an example of peaceful cooperation for the rest of the world
There has still been no major problems
What is the purpose of the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty (1991)
It’s purpose is to give extra protection to the environment of Antarctica, especially against mineral exploitation
What global institutions is Antarctica governed by
International Whaling Commission (IWC)
The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
The Commission of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR)
What is the International Whaling Commissions (IWC)
Responsible for regulating whaling and ensuring that the whale population is at a sustainable level.
What did the IWC set up in 1994
A whale sanctuary in the S. ocean to protect whales
What does the UNEP do
Governs the world’s environment
What do countries that signed the UNEP agree to
Ban all mineral resource activity including exploitation of the continental shelf
Promote comprehensive monitoring and assessment in order to minimise human impacts on the fragile ecosystems
When was the IWC established
1946
Why are NGOs vital in Antarctica
As govs alone can’t help to monitor, understand or control every aspect of Antarctica
What do NGOs provide
Expertise, champion causes, contribute independent perspectives, rally public support. E.g. through social media and provoke action
Examples of NGOs
The Antarctic and Southern Ocean Coalition (ASOC)
Why have ASOC been successful
Work of the Antarctic Ocean Alliance (AOA), a project of ASOC champions the case for designing marine protected areas and marine reserves in East Antarctica, the Ross sea and the Weddell sea
What were the ASOCs initial objectives
Conclude negotiations of the world’s first ecosystem as a whole treaty on fishing
Prevent oil, gas and minerals exploitation by blocking ratification of the proposed Minerals convention
When was ASOC formed
1978
What does the ASOC monitor
Monitors environmental changes in Antarctica and checks if countries are sticking to the rules
Also monitors the effects of climate change e.g. by checking melting ice and sea levels around Antarctica
What was the CCAMLR a response to
Over exploitation of several marine resources in the S. ocean in 1960s and 1970s
When was CCAMLR established
1982
Limitations of the ATS
Problematic decision making
