global devlopment Flashcards
what is Modernisation theory?
Modernisation theory was the dominant development theory in the 1950s/60s, based on factors internal to the third World inhibiting their development. It stated that Western capitalism was the best path to development.
what is dependency theory?
Dependency theory is an alternative Marxist/Neomarxist theory. It focussed on external factors that impede development, including relationships with developed countries. It is very critical of the force of Western capitalism.
what is neoliberalism?
Neoliberalism: is the term used to describe free market capitalism in its modern form. Eliminating price controls, deregulating capital markets, lowering trade barriers are all crucial features.
The main goal is to reduce government influence in the economy, especially through privatisation and austerity.
what is world systems theory?
Shares similarities with DT.
Marxist theory as opposed to Neomarxist.
Describes the world as one single unified capitalist system. The system is more dynamic and countries can move up or down the hierarchy.
what are the “Three worlds”?
First world - industrialised, capitalist countries
Second world - industrialised, communist countries
Third world - everyone else
“Third world” has been criticised as encouraging a “them and us” mentality. It also ignores nuances and differences that aren’t respected by the old superpowers. It’s a reductionist definition.
what is “North and South” -common in 1970s - 1990s ?
Northern hemisphere countries tended to be richer/more “developed”
The UK has its own “North/South divide” which is unrelated
what is Majority and Minority - common from 2000s ?
Attempt to respect other cultures in definitions
Majority are “Third World”; minority are “developed” countries
what is Developed and Underdeveloped - 2000s - current?
Implies that some countries have “missed out” on development
Focus on exploitation - a neo-Marxist theory
what is Economic Development - 2000s - current?
MEDC - More economically developed country
LEDC - Less economically developed country
LLEDC - Least economically developed country (yes, there are 2 L’s!)
what is The Bottom Billion (Paul Collier) - 2007 - current?
Says most (1bn out of 7.8 bn) are developed or developing well We need to focus on those who are still in the “bottom billion”
what is Humanitarian Aid?
provided for humanitarian purposes, typically in response to humanitarian crises including natural disasters and man-made disasters.
what is bilateral Aid?
Aid given from one government directly to another
what is Multilateral Aid?
International organizations like the World Bank, United Nations and International Monetary Fund provide aid to LEDC nations.
what is Dambisa Moyo’s opinion on Aid?
“Dead Aid”
Moyo did not like the idea of Aid. She said that it stopped countries being able to grow, as it made them reliant on aid and they therefore didn’t do anything to help themselves.
Both can be said to increase dependency and “kick away the ladder” from countries wanting to develop
This is an example of Marxist theory - money being used for control (Imperialism/Neo-Colonialism) but Neoliberals agree (eg. Bauer, 1995) - they don’t want to keep wasting money with no return
what is Samura (2008) opinion on Aid?
highlight several common reasons why aid doesn’t often help development. He claims the issue is non-democratic governments or criminals get the money, rather than the people it was intended for.
