Global Crimes

Question 1

Transnational Crime (3)

Answer 1

1. Committed in more than one state
2. Crime in one state that impacts another state
3. Examples:
   - Cyber Crime
   - Smuggling

Question 2

International Crime (2)

Answer 2

1. Violates international law:
   - Humanitarian Law
   - Human Rights Law
2. Violates treaties/conventions:
   - Geneva
   - UDHR

Question 3

Policing International/Transnational Crimes (3)

Answer 3

1. NATO
2. INTERPOL
3. UNODC

Question 4

Globalisation (4)

Answer 4

1. Interconnectedness
2. Can have negative outcomes:
   - Transnational crime
3. Positive outcomes:
   - Policing (NATO etc.)
4. The problem isn’t globalisation, but neoliberal globalisation

Question 5

Neoliberalism (8)

Answer 5

1. Human wellbeing will be advanced by entrepreneurial freedom
2. Known as the ‘violence of capitalism’
3. Focus on the individual
4. Free trade
5. Fiscal austerity
6. Creates poverty
7. Free market capitalism:
   - Homelessness is evident even though we have empty houses
8. Privatisation, Financialisaton, Militarisation

Question 6

Organised Crime (OC) (3)

Answer 6

1. Organisations with crime as its aim
2. Motivated by profit and power:
   - Hierarchical or network structure
3. Examples:
   - Human trafficking
   - Illegal arms trade

Question 7

Lampe’s Paper (OC)

Answer 7

1. OC is about how each offender is linked, not what they do:
   - The illicit power structures at play
   - Alliances with government? (i.e. Mafia + US government)

Question 8

Terrorism

Answer 8

1. Linked to neoliberal globalisation

Question 9

Fundamentalism (2)

Answer 9

1. Absolute good and absolute evil

2. The enemy has to be destroyed

Question 10

Traditional Forms (Terrorism) (2)

Answer 10

1. Stable groups with specific goals and targets:
   - RAF vs Imperialism
2. Recruitment from specific backgrounds

Question 11

New Forms (Terrorism) (5)

Answer 11

1. Vague aims
2. Recruitment = diverse
3. Not geographically restricted:
   - Due to globalisation
4. Unpredictable
5. Examples:
   - ISIS, Nice, France
   - Boko Haram (kidnapping of school girls)

Question 12

Background Factors (Strains) (Terrorism) (3)

Answer 12

1. Negative and destructive emotions of the public
2. Terrorists offer a solution
3. Public desire for revenge

Question 13

Foreground Factors (Terrorism) (2)

Answer 13

1. Joy in defeating ‘evil’

2. Exacting divine retribution

Question 14

War on Terror

Answer 14

1. Defined as a war:

- Wars have to be fought

Question 15

9/11 (2)

Answer 15

1. Impact = sheer shock

2. Rules of war seemed too restrictive

Question 16

Medical Imagery (2)

Answer 16

1. Straight after 9/11:
   - Terrorism = cancer
   - Cancer grows out of one’s own body, need for a new metaphor
2. Slightly later:
   - Terrorists = viruses
   - Need to be destroyed at all costs
   - No moral restrictions, i.e. torture
   - Example = Guantanamo Bay

Question 17

Environmental Crimes (5)

Answer 17

1. Difficult to define:
   - Anthropocentrism, only understand the harm in relation to humans
   - Jurisdiction, laws differ from state to state
   - What is an environment? (not clearly defined)
2. Encompasses old and new Criminology
3. Examples:
   - Environmental racism
   - Eco feminism
   - Red-green movement

Question 18

Environmental Racism (2)

Answer 18

1. Discrimination in environmental actions

2. Example = Bhopal Disaster

Question 19

Eco Feminism (2)

Answer 19

1. Capitalism = patriarchal:

- Capitalism causes the exploitation of women and nature

Question 20

Red-Green Movement (3)

Answer 20

1. Economic oppression and environmental degradation go together
2. Capitalism exploits working class labour and environments
3. Example = Grenfell Tower