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1st Year MCQ > Global Biodiversity > Flashcards

Global Biodiversity Flashcards

1
Q

What Classification system do we use?

A

Linnaean Classification
Domain, Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species.
King philip came over for good soup

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2
Q

3 Definition of species?

A

Biological species concept
Evolutionary species concept
Phylogentic species concept

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3
Q

What are the 2 types of value in the Total economic value?

A

Use value- Has an obvious use to us as humans
Non use value- Cant be physically used but has an impact

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4
Q

What are the 3 value’s under use value?

A

Direct use- Direct benefit to humans e.g. taking water from a forrest
Indirect use- No direct benefit e.g. welands improve water quality.
Option use- Not using it now but could be usefull in the future.

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5
Q

What are the 3 types of non use value?

A

Existence- Value is placed on something simply because it exists e.g. loss of resource we never used like endangered species
Bequest- value of preserving and passing on biodiversity for furture generasions can be cultural or religious
Option use value can also be associated here.

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6
Q

Bacteria key info: 5

A

-No defined organelles
-Metabolism- 2 process (Respiration and fermentation), both start with glycolysis (Splits glucose into 2 molecules) and then does different things depending on oxygen availablity.
-Found everywhere includes cycles (carbon, nitrogen and sulphur)
-Cause of disease
-Microbiomes- Involved in immunity and metabolism within the body.

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7
Q

Archaea key info? 7

A

-Share both bacterial and eukaryotic features
-Unicellular, lack orgnelles
-Metabolism varies: organotrophs, phototrophs and autotrophs
-Multiple niches
-Mostly associated with being extremophiles (survive in extreme conditions)
-Can survive in deep water, low temp and low oxygen.
3 groups- Methanogens, Hyperthermophiles and Halophiles

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8
Q

Fungi nutrition and reproduction?

A

NUT- rigid cell wall dicated nutrition, Heterotrophic (Rely on other organisms for their nutrition), mode of nutrition depend on shape if fungi (Including Multicellular (mycelium- root system) and single cell (yeast).
REP- A- Either production of haploid spores via mitosis which forms mycelia or simple cell division. S- fusion of hyphae, union of cytoplasm of parent mycelia, meiosis lead to spore dispersal.

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9
Q

4 key roles of fungi? and 4 threats

A

ROLES- 1. Mutualistic relationship with plants e.g. improving nutrition uptake
2. Biomnass decomposers e.g. recyles natural polymers
3. Pathogenic- can kill people
4. Parasitic- rare

THREAT- land use, climate change, pollution and invasive species

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10
Q

What are the 4 main groups of protisits?

A

Excavata
‘SAR’ clade

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11
Q

Charateristics of the Excavata protisits and ‘SAR’ clase?

A

EXC- single celled, asymmetrical, clade based on morphological differences of the exoskeleton, Groove for feeding, 2 further types- Diplomonads and Euglenozoans.
SAR- Clade is based on DNA squences data and secondary endosymbiotic relationship with red algae, contain 3 large groups- stramenphila (Hair like flagellum and smooth flagellum, 3 key photsynthetic organsims), Alveolata (Membrane enclosed sac), Rhizaria (Species are amoebas (Move and feed by the pseudophodia - needle like structure)

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12
Q

Charateristics of Archaeplastida and unikonta protists

A

ARCH- Can be uni, multi or colonial forms, have chloroplasts, most have cell walls and are autotrphic, includes red and green algae
UNI- very diverse, include 2 groups, either protists group or animal and fungi group.

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13
Q

How are coral reef’s built?

A
  1. Takes carbon from algae and seawater and turns it into calcium carbonate. this is used to build the skeleton.
  2. Hard core polyps push away from the area it griws from and the inside gaps are filled with the calium carbonate
  3. The repeated process creates the reef

Ocean currents can change the shape of coral and the same species can look very different depending on factors.

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14
Q

6 types of coral growth forms

A

Branching
massive
Sub massive
Digitate
Foliaceois
Free living

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15
Q

What is zooxanthellae? and what is the benefits to both parties?

A

an algae, lives in a mutualistic role with coral, this algae potosynthesises which then is given to coral as energy.
Zooxanthellae provides energy (proving ability to grow and reproduce), coral provides protection and removed chemicals and materials from the water (keeps water clean)

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16
Q

How is coral bleached?

A

This is where the coral spits out the zooanthellae as a stress reaction due to increasing sea temps.
If temp return coral can reabsorb zoo and return to orginal state.

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17
Q

How does coral reproduce?

A

A- Polys detach and establish new colonies elsewhere
S- coral will release eggs and sperm which travel before settling

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18
Q

Charateristics of Cnidaria?

A
  • Mostly marine
  • radial (Divided equally in many planes) or biradial symmetry (Divided equally only in 2 planes
  • Diploblastic- 2 layers
    Tissue layer
  • Gatrovascular cavity- allows for digestion and circulation
  • Have stinging cells- sit under the skin until fired, triggered chemically or by touch
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19
Q

What are the 5 classes of Cnidaria?

A

Hydrozoa
Staurozoan
Scyphozoa
Cubozoa
Anthozoa

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20
Q

What are the 4 classes of Platyhelminthes?

A

Trematoda
turbellaria
Monogenea
Cestoda

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21
Q

Characteristic of platyhelminthes? 5

A

bilateral symmetry
Dorsoventrally flatterned
Many have indirect life cycle
Simple digestive systems
Primitive nervous system

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22
Q

Basics on lifecyle of trematode?

A
  1. Eggs are passed in feaces
  2. Fertilised in water
  3. Hatch and seek intermediate host in snail
  4. Develops in snail tissue
  5. Becomes free swimming and effect aquatic vegetations
  6. Infected vegetation is ingested by host.
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23
Q

Key info on nematodes?

A
  • Also called rounworms
  • Pseudocelomate bodies
  • Found everywhere
  • Cylindrical
  • No flagella or cilia
  • Movement- Longitudinal muscles which contract causing body to crunch on one side and then replax
  • Digestion- have anus and mouth, feed on bacteria which breaks down plant matter
  • Use aerobic and anaerobic respiration
  • Seperate sexes
    -Dont have cirvulatory system
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24
Q

What are the 3 different types of body cavities in invertebrates?

A

Acoelomate- No body cavity
Pseudocoelomate- A body cavitu without a lining, internal organs hang between the the ectoderm and endoderm
Coelomate- Animals with true coelom, a lined body cavity between the body wall and the gut wall.

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25
What are the 3 types of body symmetry?
Bilateral- 2 sides which match and then will have 2 equal halves divided by a single plane. Radial- Body parts arranged around a centre point, the body can be divided into 2 similar halves by a line through the centre No symmetry.
26
What are the 2 types of tissue formations in invertebrates?
Diploblastic- Have 2 layers of tissue including the endoderm and ectoderm Triploblastic- Have 3 layers of tissue including the endoderm, ectoderm and mesoderm, found in all bilteral invertebrates.
27
List 3 major clades in Mollusca?
Aplacophora Gastropoda Bilvalia
28
Key info on Mollusca? 7
- Most are marine, some freshwater - Around 100,000 species - Triploblastic - Coleomate - Bilateral - 3 main parts- Muscular goot, visceral mass and mantle - Basic nervous system,
29
Key info on Aplacophora? 8
- Clade of Mollusca - Consists of 2 clades - Around 320 species - Marine, under 20 species - Worm like - Lack external shell - open circualtory system, complete digestive system - can be seperate sexes or both male and female
30
Key info on Gastropoda? 7
- Marine and freshwater - Worldwide distribution - under 1m - Complete digestive system - 2 Chambered heart, open circulatory system - Seperate sexes or both M & F - Internal and external fertilisation
31
Key info on Bilalvia? 6
- Aquatic, deep sea - No head - Complete digestive system - 3 chambered heart - Open circulatory system - Seperate sexes and external fertilisation
32
5 characteristics of an insects?
- Invertebrates - 3 segment body- Head, abdomen and thorax - 3 pairs of legs on each side, attached to the thorax - Antennae - 2 eyes, usually on either side of head
33
5 factors that makes insects success as a species?
1. Small size- can carry things heavier then its own size 2. Protective cuticle- reduce water loss, protection, frame for muscles 3. Nervous system 4. Flight- access to new habitats and foraging 5. Reproductove rates- rapid population growth
34
What are the 2 classes of Hexapods?
Insecta- true insects Entognatha
35
What are the 2 types of insects and describe?
Apterygota- Wingless insects, not monophyletic (Dont share a common ancestor), 2 orders (Archaeognatha and Zygentoma) Pterygota- Winged, Highly likely to be Monophyletic, 2 orders (Holometabola and hemimetabold)
36
Key info on hemimetabolous? 5
- also called exopterygota - incomplete metamorphosis - Egg, nymph and adult - 3 subclasses -stages of development are seperated by a molt.
37
Key info on holometabolous ?
- Also known as endopterygota - complete metamorphosis - Egg, larva, pupa and adult
38
list 3 types of hemimetabolous insects?
Plecoptera- Stoneflies Hemiptera- true bugs Thysanoptera- Thrips
39
key info on plecoptera? 6
- Commonly called stoneflies - Have aquatic larvae - UK- 34 species with 7 families - Narrow wings with ladder like pattern - Antennae are threadlike - Often 2 tails
40
Key info about hemiptera? 4
- Commonly called true bugs - Elongated mouthpart - Highly diverse - UK- Around 1,830 species in 63 families
41
Key info about thysanoptera?
- Thrips - Extremely narrow wings - Some wingless species - Worldwide- 6,000 known species in 9 families - Britain- 180 species in 3 families
42
List 3 holometabolous species?
Coleptera- Beatles Diptera- True flies Coccinellidae- ladybirds
43
Key info on coleoptera? 3
- beetles - Makes up 40% of all insects - hardened elytra protecting wings
44
Key info about ladybugs? 3
- Ladybirds - UK- 53 species - Various patternes and colours but often red, black or yellow
45
Key info about diptera? 3
- True flies - 2 wings - Highly diverse groups
46
Key info for echinodernmata?
- Phylum - Marine only - Includes (sea stars, sea urchins, sand dollars) - Start as a free swimming bilateral larva to bottom dwelling adult with radial symmetry - Nevous system- Ring around mouth then down each arm - water vasular system- allows for movement, feeding and respiration - Seperate sexes, A or sexual reproduction
47
3 classes within the phylum echinodernmata? and key info
Asteroidea- starfish, 5 or more arms that radiate from central disk, Suction disks, mouth is on the understand. Ophiuroidea- brittle stars, largest class, often found under stones and in crevices, arms can break off and regenerate, rank food of sea floor with spines on limbs Echinoidea- sand dollars, round and flatternes, shallow burrowing, seas coasts and sandy area.
48
key info on hemichordata?
- Means half chordata- related with chordata and echinoderms - Body split into 3 sections- Trunk, collar and protosome - Have pharyngeal slits
49
name and descibe 2 classes under hemichordata?
Enteropneista- acron worms, 3 part body, pharyngeal slits (which help circulate water in and out of body), live in U shaped burrows. Pterobranchia- deep marine water, some live in shallow water, divided into 3 parts, filter feeders, A and sexual reproduction.
50
5 characteristics of chordates ?
- Single hollowed nerve ord- develops into a spinal cord and brain - Notocord- flexiable rod on dorsal side of git, provides signalling cues - Pharyngeal slits- connects pharynx to outside of body, allows for filter feeding and gas exchange - Post anal tail- skeleton extension in bodies beyond anus, allows for locomotion Segmentation- dividing the body into a series of repeating parts called somites, often in muscles and vertebrae.
51
Key info on Lancelets: 8
- Marine, burrow in soft seafloor - Elongated body and laterally compressed - Simple brain - Complete digestive system - Filter feeder - Simple closed circulatory system- no heart or blood - Gonochoric (2 seperate seces) - External fertilisation
52
Key into on tunicates: 8
- 3 classes- Ascidiacea, thaliacea and appendicularia - Marine - Solitary or colonial - Sessile (live on top on things e.g. rock, coral and sand) and mobile - Physical charaterisic. depends on class, can have 1 or 2 siphons (oral which inhale water or atrial (for expelling water) - Complete digestive system - well developed hear and circulatory system - Reproduction, depends on class, typically hermaphroditic (both F and M gametes), External and interal fetilisation.
53
Basic charateristics of sharks
- Skeleton made of cartilage - Tail shape can indicate certain characteristics - Fill almost every niche in ocean - Carnivorous species - 1199 species - 9 orders
54
What is Osteichthyes and chondrichthyes?
Os- Skeleton made of bone Ch- Skeleton primary made of cartilage
55
What is the class of amphibians and 3 orders, number of species?
Class- Amphibia Order- Anura, Urodele, Apoda 8000 species
56
Amphibian characteristics?
- Vertebrate - Moist permable skin - Cutaneous respiration (Breathe through skin) - Carnivorous - Life cycle (Frogs, eggs, embryo, tadpole, tadpole with 2 legs, tadpole with 4 legs)
57
What is shark finning?
Removing fins for chinese medicine including shark fin soup to shpw power and wealth
58
Ecological importance of amphibians- 3
Predators- Cosume insects and control species numbers Prey- food source to species Inidcator species- Bioindicator
59
3 adaptive stratergies?
Hibernation, toxicitym Coloration
60
Threats to amphibian biodiversity? 4
Habitat destruction, Climate change, disease, pollution

1st Year MCQ (3 decks)

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