Global Actors Flashcards
What is an example of a contested border?
Evidence (external)
The 2014 annexation of Crimea followed by the full scale invasion that was launched on the 24th of February 2022 by Russia into Ukraine’s territory is an example of an external contested border.
-putins desire to reunite mother Russia
-11 million internally displaced as of June 2022
-the International Criminal Court issued arrest warrants for Russian President Vladimir Putin for the unlawful deportation and transfer of Ukrainian children to Russia (apart of genocide)
What is an example of an internal challenge to sovereignty?
Catalonia’s desire for independence from Spain
Catalonia has its own culture and language (nation)
- accounts for 19% of GDP
- recieved litle government aid during GFC
-2010 supreme court struck out 14 parts of 223 article forcing catalonia to teach 25% of school cirriculam in spanish (undermining language)
-2017 refrendum for independence 93% -YES but 43% overall turnout
- overulled by court on the basis of article 155 of constituion that gave goverment “coersive mechanisms to force communities to comply to law”
- desire for independence stil exists
South China Sea examples
China’s ongoing militarisation in the South China Sea (2015) -hard power
-upon the spratly islands 7 manmade islands
-impinges sov. of philipines, vietnam, indonesia ect.
- extends into E.E.z of states
- UN convention of the seas 200 nautical miles from shores
- 9 dash line (claims 90% of territory)
-US conduct FONOPS
- 2016 Philipines took China to court (success morally)
South China Sea examples
China’s ongoing militarisation in the South China Sea (2015) -hard power
-upon the spratly islands 7 manmade islands
-impinges sov. of philipines, vietnam, indonesia ect.
- extends into E.E.z of states
- UN convention of the seas 200 nautical miles from shores
- 9 dash line (claims 90% of territory)
-US conduct FONOPS
- 2016 Philipines took China to court (success morally)
Example of a regional grouping
EU
-The Eu combines intergovernmental and supranational features
states pool their sovereignty in order to gain influence (but independent)
- masters of treaties can leave i.e brexist 2016-2017
-EU law above state law
-Hungary laws revoked over refugees laws 2020 -> resettlement
-accounts for 28% of world GDP
-single market + schengen area (free movement 16/27 agree)
IMF Argentina
-2018 Argentina experiencing great financial diffculties
-IMF gave $50 billion USD loan with 1.94 -4.94% interest depending on how much was used
- austerity measures = cuts to public health, education and public servants
- backlash + protest -> tecahers wages cut by 3.5%
-october 2018 27% living under poverty line
-10% unemployment
-IMF extended loan to 30 month plan
ICC case study
success: Thomas Lubanga, convicted 2004 but case completed in 2014
- accused of war crimes + child conscription
- first success out of 4 since 2002
failure: lack of enforcement
2015 South Africa faield to indict Sudanese president Omar Al-Bashir “mosquito in the ear of an elephant”
- afric centric
-limited case completions
Amnesty International evidence
-Human rights orgainsation
- report, adovacay and mobiliation
- 7 million supporters world wide
- 2015 ‘write for right’ campaign to Gov of Burkina Faso to end early and forced marriage
example, in 2015 after
receiving 800,000 signatures, Nigerian authorities were pressured enough to pardon Moses Akatugba a man sentenced with the death sentence over a confession obtained under torture.
Failure: Uighur muslism genocide deemed “based on rumours and hearsay”
ISIS
- number one deadliest terrorist group (global terrorism index)
-asymmertical warfare - use of social media to incite fear and spread ideology
- peak in 2014 with claim of city of Mosul innorthern iraq (strategic location ->hub of international commerce and travel)
-65% now destroyed by ISIS - ISIS lost 98% of territory but will is still present
UN R2P
R2P -> responsibility to protect
the interntioanl norm that seeks to ensure international community prevent genocide, war crimes and crimes against humanity
pillar 2: the wider international communit has the responsibilities to encourgae and assist indivudals states in meeting that responsibility
artical 41 CH VII -> “any necessay measures” to uphold peace wheer diplomacy has failed but 2nd pillar is dependent on request from a state
Yazidi’s
UN success
-3rd of August 2014 ISIL attacked a group of Yazidis, a religious minority group in northern Iraq. Over 50,000 fled to mount Sinjar where they were trapped for a week
Irag government wrote to US and via the UN US conducted a resuce mission airlifitng Yazidi’s + supplying aid
Apple TNC
Apple -> maximise profit
- 2016 EU court ruling that required Apple to pay $13 billion Euro in back taxes after deeming Irelands taxs cuts unfair
- 0.04 given from the standard 12.5%
- Ireland encouraged Apples to set up base following the 2011 bail out from IMF and EU
- Apple brings Foreign direct investments boosting economy -> however exploits the tax benefits
- lack of CSR
- IGO’s cannot regulate TNCS
State engaging in trade + security pacts
AUKUS is a trilateral security pact between Australia, the United Kingdom, and the United States, announced on 15 September 2021 for the Indo-Pacific region. Under the pact, the US and the UK will assist Australia in acquiring nuclear-powered submarines
UN VETO
Russia and China have vetoed 12 resolution in relation to aid in Syria since 2015
UN resolution passed
resolution 2270 in 2016 imposed sanctions on North Korea in response to their nuclear ballistic missile launches
as outlined in article 42 of charter UNSC has power to authorise military action and sanctions against a state that pose a threat to peace
-> LIMITED Sucess
