Globaisation EQ2

Question 1

Global Shift

Answer 1

The relocation of industries from OECD (organisation for economic cooperation and developmental) countries to NICs (newly industrialised countries).

Predominantly from North America to Latin America & South and South east Asia.

Question 2

Why does global shift occur

Answer 2

• Spatial division of labour
• Product life cycles
• De-industrialisation
• Environmental concerns

Question 3

Why do industries move to certain LICs

Answer 3

• more relaxed environmental regulations
• cheaper land
• cheaper labour
• English speaking
• more space

Question 4

Benefits to host countries of global shift

Answer 4

• increased and improved infrastructure (easier transport of goods therefore higher productivity)
• waged work
• poverty reduction (therefore less illness, etc)
• education and training (improved workforce employability and productivity)
• technology transfer

Question 5

Costs to host countries

Answer 5

• loss of productive land
• unplanned settlements (low quality slum housing gives rise to shanty towns)
• environmental and resource pressure (pollution damages environment, resources consumed leads to decline of finite resources)

Question 6

Environmental damage CASE STUDY: China

Answer 6

The Chinese government have quite strict environmental regulations but local governments rarely enforce them because they’re more interested in economic growth.

As a result: 60% groundwater is poor quality, 36% forests are facing pressure from urban expansion, 67km squared land is lost to desertification annually.

World bank estimates 5 of the most polluted cities are in China.

Question 7

Deindustrialisation CASE STUDY: Detroit

Answer 7

During the 1920s it had a thriving car industry.

But due to global shift such as car manufacturing moved to Japan which resulted in dereliction, depopulation, crime and high unemployment.

Question 8

What are pull factors

Answer 8

What draw people more towards living in a mega city.

Examples:

• more and better paying jobs
• better standard of living
• better educational & healthcare facilities
• more vibrant social & cultural life experience
• conditions more appropriate to entrepreneurial activities
• less distance to commute to work

Question 9

What are push factors

Answer 9

What keep people away from living in a mega city.

Examples:

• lowered income, due to increasingly poor quality farmlands
• decreasing availability of raw materials used for living (e.g. Lack of wood from deforestation)

Question 10

Mega city example

Answer 10

Mumbai

India’s largest city that’s doing well in different industries and lots of work is readily available to people, therefore lots of people migrate to here. It’s the financial capital of the country, being home to the Mumbai Stock Exchange (a market in which securities are bought and sold). Mumbai is also home to most of India’s specialised technical industries, having a modern industrial infrastructure and vast, skilled human resources.

Question 11

Mega cities pros & cons

Answer 11

Pros:
They can help to end poverty and create wealth and can provide many opportunities for those migrating from rural areas.

Cons:
However they can cause poverty and despair on a grander scale and cause mass pollution.

Question 12

Population increase in rural areas leads to…

Answer 12

Unemployment, loss of farmland and pastureland due to development, pollution or conflict.

*cities therefore have better chances and better services which are easier to fund densely populated areas.

Question 13

Migrations costs and benefits for both host and source locations

Answer 13

Migration has social, economic, environmental and political costs and benefits for both host and source locations.

Migration can be forced (e.g. Syrian refugees being forced to leave their homes due to uncertainty of their safeguard), or it can be voluntary (mainly due to economic reasons such as better job opportunities).

In host countries, migration is good as the migrants fill gaps in their labour markets. In source locations, they’re losing because young and skilled workers are leaving, consequently impacting their economy. Host countries can fully sustain a growing leisure sector as many migrants work in hotels and bars. Whilst also being able to sustain lives of its middle class by gaining workers to fulfil essential gaps in childcare, cleaning and elderly care. However source locations suffer due to an increase in population as well as an unbalanced population as many young people migrate. But the source locations may get remittance payments which are sent home by oversea migrants and can be used to build homes or invest in local businesses, giving them potential to increase employment and expand their economy.

Question 14

Host and source locations

Answer 14

Host locations are places migrants move to & Source locations are places migrants have come from.

Question 15

Cultural Diffusion

Answer 15

The spread of cultural ideas and way of life between individuals and cultures. It involves a spread of western culture throughout the world.

It causes cultural erosion which leads to oppositions to globalisation.

Question 16

6 components a culture is composed of…

Answer 16

Tradition, accepted norms, religion/beliefs, language, art/symbol, values

Question 17

Cultural diffusion from migration

Answer 17

As people move they take their culture with them, reuslting in culture being spread across where they live.

Chinatowns are areas with people from China, Taiwan and Hong Kong and these exist all over the world.

Question 18

Cultural diffusion from tourism

Answer 18

As a great number of people move through an area, their culture is spread to the locals, one of the main ways this happens is through shops as well as global news stations.

Shops such as Zara and Primark are present in many major city centres, allowing for western clothing to be spread to the local communities.

Question 19

Examples of cultural diffusion

Answer 19

Democratisation (the transition to a more democratic political regime, allowing people to vote rather than one person deciding everything).

McDonalisation (process by which the principles of the fast-food restaurant are coming to dominate more and more sectors of American society as well as rest of the world).

Disneyfication (“white wedding” that’s appeared in numerous Disney films has allowed it to spread around the world, becoming the common idea of marriage).

Question 20

Cultural Erosion

Answer 20

The loss or dilution of s specific culture due to cultural diffusion. It’s a change in ideas and traditions.

People are no longer identified by the place they live, they can adopt a range of clothes, ways of speaking, values and lifestyles from any country, area or culture.

Question 21

Cultural erosion example

Answer 21

Papua New Guinea

More than 700 cultural groups exist in dispersed villages and have their own language, art, dance, weak nary, clothing, music and architecture. During colonial rule, the country had integration so the tribal identity was suppressed whilst Christianity and western education spread.

In 1988 a revolutionary army statement d conflicts over benefits from a newly discovered copper mine and this sparked a national law problem as youth gang attacks, rioting, looting and tribal warfare have all become major sources of conflict. This has seen to be caused by the instability of the nation state and its cultural identity.

Question 22

Reasons for opposition

Answer 22

Cultural impacts
Exploitation
Inequality
Environmental damage

Question 23

What are structuralists

Answer 23

Many people are concerned about the cultural impacts of globalisation so opposition groups have been formed by people known as structuralists.

They bring attention to the exploitation of people and resources as well as the inequalities that arise from globalisation, such as men vs women, race vs race, capital vs labour.

Question 24

Focuses of opposition groups of globalisation

Answer 24

Some focus on the inequalities it brings and others focus on the decrease in biodiversity due to destruction of whole ecosystems. This can occur because globalisation creates an increase in consumption which leads to pollution and exploitation of resources.

Question 25

Example of anti-globalisation movement

Answer 25

India

It’s anti-globalisation groups are connected to environmental concerns as environmentalists suggest that globalisation promotes the misuse of resources to build the economy.

Agricultural runoff, waterside factories, fertilisers and pesticides cause pollution of lakes and groundwater and, due to local areas suffer.

Question 26

Flowchart of culture

Answer 26

Cause (TNCs, migration, tourism) - cultural diffusion - cultural erosion - opposition