Glands - Function

Question 0

Adrenal Cortex - effect of ACTH

Answer 0

In stress ->

! Blood sugar, ! cardio respiratory

Question 1

Hypothalamus - function

Answer 1

1. Conductor of Orchestra
2. Homeostasis using neuroendocrine system
3. Stress parachute
4. 8 nuclei controlling
   S & PS switching, circadian rhythm, appetite, satiety, water balance, anger
5. Influences other key centres - olfactory, amygdyla, hippocampus

Question 2

Anterior Pituitary - hormones

Answer 2

• 6 hormones:

TSH, FSH, GH, ACTH (from CRH), DOP, SS

Question 3

Hypothalamus - 8 nuclei and function

Answer 3

1. Ventral = anger
2. Ventromedial = appetite
3. Dorsomedial = satiety -> obesity
4. Chiasmatic = circadian rhythm
5. 6. Supraoptic and Paraventricular = water balance (ADH/vasopressin) and libido? (oxytocin) through Post Pit -> diabetes insipidus
6. Anterior parasympathetic
7. Posterior sympathetic = shivers, vasoconstriction

Question 4

Hypothalamus - influences which key centres?

Answer 4

Olfactory, Amygdalae, hippocampus

Question 5

Thalamus - function?

Answer 5

Music score for orchestra

Question 6

Anterior Pituitary - function and when is it susceptible?

Answer 6

Under control by Ant Pit:
GH - cell division, glucose metabolism, protein synthesis
ACTH - dev and function adrenal cortex (from CRH) -> cortisol (hydrocortisone)
TSH -> thyroid -> T4 Thyroxine -> converted to T3 and activated -> use of all food sources for energy and warmth and protein synthesis. Under stress or poor nutrition T3 not activated so hypothyroidism lethargic and overweight and cold
FSH -> ovarian follicles and secretion of estrogen, or sperm in testes
LH -> ovulation and corpus lutem secreting estrogen and progesterone, or inhibits testosterone secretion so -too much testosterone
Prolactin -> secretion of milk, amenorrhea, infertility suppressing estrogen and progesterone, or impotence in males

• Influences capitus, rotatores, infraspin mm and IL stabilising ligs so could be a factor in persistent back and neck pain

Question 7

Hypothalamus - secretes which 6 releasing hormones controlling Ant Pituitary

Answer 7

TRH
GnRH
GHRH 
CRH -> AP ACTH -> Adrenal Cortex 
DOP inhibit prolactin from Ant Pit
SS (somatostatin)

Question 8

Female hormonal cycle - describe in terms of Ant Pit hormone function (LH, FSH)

Answer 8

• 500,000 follicles in ovary at birth, which start maturing at puberty
• Early cycle (peaking 12 days after period) LH and FSH stimulate egg follicle which produces estrogen
• Estrogen primes endometrium
• Mid-point cycle egg (ovum) released by egg follicle
• LH stim ruptured follicle to produce progesterone primes endometrium for implantation of fertilised ovum
• No preg = estrogen and progesterone drop
• Menopause = follicles don’t respond to LH and FSH and estrogen remains low

Question 9

Posterior Pituitary - 2 hormones and function

Answer 9

ADH - reabsorbs water at kidney distal tubules and vasoconstricts arteries
Oxytocin - contraction uterus and releases breast milk from mammary glands

Question 10

Hypothalamus - when is it susceptible?

Answer 10

• Stress
• International flying

To Viral and Fungal pathogens

Question 11

Hypothalamus - hormones

Answer 11

6 Releasing hormones controlling Ant Pit:

TRH, GnRH, GHRH, CRTH, DOP, SS

Question 12

Amygdala

Answer 12

Senses fear, pain, estrogen - menstrual cycle, ability to regulate emotions

Question 13

Hippocampus

Answer 13

Memory

Question 14

DOP (Ant Pit) - function

Answer 14

DOP inhibit prolactin from Ant Pit

Question 15

SS (somatostatin) (Ant Pit) - function

Answer 15

Reg and inhibit other hormones - gastric motility and secretion, enzymes, insulin and glucagon from pancreas
-Libido and GI tract affected under stress

Question 16

Post Pituitary - when is it susceptible?

Answer 16

• Bed wetting emotional aspects

* Diabetes Insipidus