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Body Logs > Glands > Flashcards

Glands Flashcards

1
Q

Gland definition

A

An epithelial cell or an aggregate of epithelial cells that are specialised for the secretion of a substance.

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2
Q

Secretion definition

A

The production and release of materials by a cell or aggregate of cells.

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3
Q

Two types of gland

A

Endocrine (ductless)

Exocrine (ducted)

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4
Q

Endocrine glands

A

Secrete directly into the blood flowing through them, to let the secretions function at distant parts of the body - secretions are hormones.

Eg pituitary gland

All epithelial cells in the gland secrete the hormone.

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5
Q

Exocrine glands

A

Secrete into a location/region of the body through a duct; their secretions are mostly enzymes or lubricants.

Eg salivary gland, mammary glands, sweat glands

Only cells at apex of duct secrete the products.

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6
Q

Endocrine gland - histology

A

Blood vessels close by
Hormone producing epithelial cells
Larger lumen

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7
Q

Exocrine gland - histology

A

Stratified cuboidal cells
Two layers of cells
Lumen of duct

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8
Q

Adenogenesis

A

Gland development in utero
1. Growth signal received
2. Proliferation of cells occurs and extracellular protein degradation enzymes produced
3. Epithelial cells invade space created

=> exocrine gland - central cells die off to produce duct (canalicularisation); link to mother cells remains; significant amount of branching

=> endocrine glands - produce angiogenic factors to stimulate blood vessel growth in and around epithelial cells; link to mother cells broken through apoptosis; virtually no branching

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9
Q

How does branching occur?

A

FGF10 released by immature fibroblasts.

Epithelial cells move towards signal.

Causes:
1 - tubule elongation (growth factor 1 active; growth factor 2 inactive)
2 - tubule branching (growth factor 1 inactive; growth factor 2 active)

Elongation and branching stopped by Shh.

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10
Q

Simple tubular duct structure

A

Duct does not branch

a) simple tubular - intestinal glands
b) simple branched tubular - gastric glands

Cuboidal epithelial cells

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11
Q

Alveolar secretory duct structure

A

Duct does not branch

a) simple alveolar - no examples in adult humans, some in foetus
b) simple branched alveolar - sebaceous glands (only found where there is hair)

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12
Q

Compound tubular duct structure

A

Duct branches

a) compound tubular - duodenal glands of small intestine

Epithelial cells with muscle so as to contract

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13
Q

Compound alveolar secretory duct structure

A

Duct branches

a) compound alveolar - mammary glands
b) compound tubuloalveloar - salivary glands

Epithelial cells with muscle so as to contract

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14
Q

Stages of growth and development of glands

A

Prebud
Initial bud
Pseudoglandular
Canalicular
Terminal bud

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15
Q

Two types of secretion

A

Mucous

Serous

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16
Q

Interlobular duct

A

Located between lobules,

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17
Q

Intercalated duct

A

Between acinus and striated duct.

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18
Q

Myoepithelial cells

A

Cells that have features of both an epithelial cell and a smooth muscle cell - help to eject secretions from the duct.

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19
Q

Merocrine gland

A

Fusion of vesicles with apical membrane - a form of exocytosis

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20
Q

Apocrine gland

A

Partial loss of cytoplasm eg lactating mammary gland.

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21
Q

Holocrine gland

A

Complete loss of cytoplasm eg sebaceous gland in skin.

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22
Q

Cytocrine gland

A

Cells are released as a secretion eg spermatid

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23
Q

Merocrine secretion

A

Secretion from cells via exocytosis - secretory vesicles joining with membrane.

24
Q

Apocrine secretion

A

Pinched off portion of cell is the secretion.

25
Q

Holocrine secretion

A

Mature cell dies and becomes secretory product.

26
Q

Cytocrine secretion

A

Lose whole cell but cell doesn’t die.

27
Q

Types of merocrine secretion

A

Regulated secretion: secretory granules accumulate in cell and are released by exocytosis upon stimulation - needs Ca2+ ions.

Constitutive secretion: product not concentrated into granules but packaged into small vesicles and continuously released to cells surface - used mainly to repopulate the plasma membrane with plasma proteins.

28
Q

Example of merocrine secretion

A

Release of insulin from beta cells in Islet of Langerhans

29
Q

Glycosylation

A

The covalent attachment of sugars by enzymes to proteins and lipids to form glycoproteins and glycolipids.

30
Q

Roles of glycosylation

A

To aid protein folding.
Prevents protein digestion by intracellular proteases.
Prevents lipid digestion by intracellular lipases.
Cell recognition (blood groups).
Role of cell to extracellular matrix attachment.

31
Q

Glycation

A

Covalent attachment of sugars to proteins and lipids to form glycoproteins and glycolipids.

Same as glycosylation without enzymes.

32
Q

3 ways of control mechanisms

A

Hormonal
Neural
Humoral

33
Q

Striated duct - H + E

A

Simple columnar epithelium
Striations in cells
Nucleus near lumen

34
Q

Function of striated duct

A

Contain a number of ion transporters to keep ions balanced to prevent water loss.

35
Q

Parotid gland

A

Almost totally serous - serous acini - look like acinar in pancreas.

Almost totally purple

36
Q

Submandibular gland

A

Mostly serous, more mucous.

Mix of pink and gray.

37
Q

Sublingual gland

A

Almost totally mucous.

Pale acini - like a dappled grey/purple

38
Q

Saliva production - what type of stimulus?

A

Neuronal stimulus - control is neural only

39
Q

Is the liver endo or exocrine?

A

The largest exocrine gland.

40
Q

Hepatic blood supply

A

Hepatic portal vein

Hepatic artery

41
Q

Liver lobule

A

Hexagonal shaped lobule with portal triad at each point.

42
Q

Kupffer cells

A

Macrophages in the liver; form part of sinusoidal lining

Trap and phagocytose at damaged or aged erthryocytes that were missed by spleen.

After splenectomy, these cells take over removal of 120 day old (aged) RBC.

43
Q

Blood flow and bile flow in liver

A

Blood flows from the outside of the lobule inside towards the central canal.

Bile flows from inside out, through the bile duct.

44
Q

Sinusoids

A

Cells that line portal vein.
They have large gaps between them.

45
Q

Three types of capillary vessel

A

Continuous

Fenestrated

Sinusoid

46
Q

Continuous capillary vessel

A

(From outside in):
Intact basement membrane; endothelial layer (tunica intima) with intercellular clefts.
- in brain and most of body

47
Q

Fenestrated capillary vessel

A

Intact basement membrane; endothelial layer (tunica intima) with fenestrations
- pituitary, small intestine, kidneys

48
Q

Sinusoid capillary vessel

A

Incomplete basement membrane; endothelial layer (tunica intima) with intercellular gaps (whole cell can pass through)
- spleen, bone marrow, liver, lymph nodes

49
Q

Portal triad

A

Vein - biggest
Bile duct - stains purple
Artery - similar size to bile duct

50
Q

Canaliculi

A

Narrow spaces between cells in liver lobule.

51
Q

Route of bile

A

Canaliculi -> interlobular tributaries -> periportal bile ductules -> bile ducts -> left and right hepatic ducts

52
Q

Space of Disse

A

Space between sinusoid and hepatocytes.

53
Q

Pit cells

A

Kill tumour cells that enter sinusoids.

The most active form of NK (natural killer) cells.

54
Q

Stellate (Ito) cell

A

Cells found in space of Disse.

Cytoplasmic vacuoles containing vit A.

In liver cirrhosis, they lose vit A storage abilities and differentiate in myofibroblasts, which synthesis and deposit collagen within perisinusoidal space => liver fibrosis.

55
Q

Hepatocytes (compared to other cells)

A

Many mito
Many peroxisomes
Many free ribosomes
A lot to RER and SER
Many Golgi
Glycogen deposits

56
Q

Rate of liver regeneration

A

Low to mild damage - 7-8 days

Mild to medium damage - 30-40 days

Medium to severe damage - never

57
Q

Functions of liver

A

Storage: iron and copper; vit A (Ito cells), D, E, K (hepatocytes); sugars (glucose as glycogen)

Anabolism: >60% of body’s proteins (plasma proteins, enzymes, apolipoproteins); a.a synthesis; haemopoiesis in the embryo/foetus

Catabolism: drugs; hormones; Hb; poisons/toxins; sugars; removal of old/damaged RBC after splenectomy

Other: bile production; filter cell debris from blood; hormones/growth factors (endocrine); modifies hormones for excretion or function

Body Logs (6 decks)

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