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Body Logistics > Gland structure and function > Flashcards

Gland structure and function Flashcards

1
Q

State the definition of a gland

A

An aggregate of epithelial cells that are specialised for the secretion of a substance

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2
Q

State the function of gland

A

Regulate human physiology by receiving stimulus from the brain, the circulating levels of chemicals and neighbouring cells

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3
Q

How many types of glands are there and briefly describe the glands and provide examples for each type

A
  1. Endocrine gland
    - secrete directly into blood
    - secretions are hormone
    - Eg; Pituitary gland, Thyroid gland, Parathyroid gland
  2. Exocrine gland
    - secrete into a location or region of the body through a duct
    - secretions are enzymes, lubricants, mucous, serous, proteins
    - Eg; Salivary gland, sweat glands, sebaceous glands,
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4
Q

Name the hormones secreted by the Anterior Pituitary Gland and state their functions

A
  1. ACTH, LH, FSH, TSH : regulate most glands of the endocrine system
  2. Prolactin : Stimulates milk production in mothers
  3. Somatotrophin : Regulates growth of body tissues
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5
Q

Name the hormones secreted by the Posterior Pituitary Gland and state their functions

A
  1. ADH : prevent water loss from kidney

2. Oxytocin : signals uterus for delivery in pregnant women

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6
Q

Name the hormones secreted by the Thyroid and Parathyroid glands and state their functions

A

Thyroid :

  • T3 and T4 : controls metabolism
  • calcitonin : calcium homeostasis

Parathyroid :
- Parathyroid hormone : calcium homeostasis

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7
Q

Name the hormones secreted by some exocrine glands and state their functions

A
  1. Salivary gland :
    - secrete saliva for partial digestion of food
  2. Sweat gland :
    - secrete sweat to regulate body temp
  3. Sebaceous gland :
    - secrete sebum on skin and in ear to protect tissues from pathogens
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8
Q

What is canalicularisation and where does this occur?

A

It is when the central cells die off to produce duct. Occurs in the formation of exocrine gland

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9
Q

Where is angiogenic factors produced and state its functions

A
  • Produced in endocrine gland

- Stimulate blood vessel growth in and around epithelial cells

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10
Q

Describe the formation of glands

A
  1. Growth signal received
  2. Proliferation of cells and their downgrowth into subjacent connective tissue occur

If exocrine gland;
3. Central cells die off to produce duct through canalicularisation
If endocrine gland;
3. angiogenic factors produced to stimulate blood vessel growth in and around epithelial cells

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11
Q

How does branching of glands occur?

A
  1. Immature fibroblasts release basic FGF10
  2. Epithelial cells move towards signal
  3. Tubule elongation occur if Growth factor 1 active
  4. Tubule branching occur if Growth factor 2 active
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12
Q

How many types of epithelial cells are there in exocrine glands and state their functions

A
  • 2 types
  • Cells lining the ducts
  • Cells that make secretory products
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13
Q

State the different shapes of gland ducts and give and example for each

A
  1. Simple tubular : Intestinal gland
  2. Simple branched tubular : gastric gland
  3. Simple alveolar : -
  4. Simple branched alveolar : sebacceous glands
  5. Compound tubular : duodenal gland
  6. Compound alveolar : mammary gland
  7. Compound tubuloalveolar : salivary gland
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14
Q

What are the types of secretions by exocrine gland?

A

Mucous and Serous

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15
Q

Describe the growth and development of salivary gland

A

Prebud - Initial bud - Pseudoglandular - Canalicular - Terminal Bud

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16
Q

Describe the growth and development of the breast

A
  • same process as salivary gland
  • stops until puberty
  • at puberty, ovaries produce oestrogen and progesterone which restarts breast development
  • at pregnancy, prolactin production stimulates creast secretion
17
Q

State the classifications of glands based on mode of secretion and briefly explain each function with examples

A
  1. Merocrine Gland
    - fusion of vesicles with apical membrane
    - eg; endocrine gland of pancreas
  2. Apocrine Gland
    - partial loss of cytoplasm
    - eg;
  3. Holocrine Gland
    - complete loss of cytoplasm or cell
    - eg; sebaceous gland in skin
18
Q

What are the pathways for Merocrine secretion?

A
  1. Regulated Secretions
    - secretory granules accumulate in large vesicles and released by exocytosis upon stimulation
    - needs Ca2+ to work
  2. Constitutive Secretions
    - secretory granules packaged into small vesicles
    - continuously released to cell surface
19
Q

Define Glycosylation

A

The covalent attachment of sugars by enzyme to proteins and lipids to form glycoproteins and glycolipids

20
Q

Describe the role of Glycosylation

A
  • Prevent protein and lipid digested by intracellular protein
  • Cell recognition
  • aid protein folding
21
Q

Define Exocytosis and Endocytosis

A
  • secretion of molecules outside cell via vesicle fusing to membrane
  • engulfing of molecules inside cell via vesicle formation
22
Q

Define Phagocytosis and Pinocytosis

A
  • process where cells engulf other cells

- process where cells ingest liquid droplets

23
Q

What are the types of glandular control?

A
  1. Humoral stimulus
  2. Neural stimulus
  3. Hormonal stimulus

Body Logistics (8 decks)

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