glaciation

Question 1

nivation

Answer 1

erosion of ground around a slope of snow due to freezing and thawing

Question 2

frost heave

Answer 2

uplift of soil due to expansion of groundwater when freezing

Question 3

freeze thaw

Answer 3

water falls through cracks in rocks, freezes, expands and breaks the rock

Question 4

weathering

Answer 4

wear away from the long exposure to the climate and atmosphere

Question 5

solifluction

Answer 5

movement of wet soil / material down a slope

Question 6

zone of accumulation

Answer 6

snow is added

Question 7

zone of ablation

Answer 7

removal

Question 8

positive mass balance

Answer 8

glaciers gain more mass than they lose

Question 9

basal slip

Answer 9

glacier sliding over bed due to meltwater under ice increasing movement

Question 10

revelation creep

Answer 10

melting and refreshing of ice which affects slippage

Question 11

internal deformation

Answer 11

when the weight of the ice causes deformation of ice crystals , usually at the glacier bed where pressure is at its highest

Question 12

erosion

Answer 12

wearing away by wind water and other natural agents

Question 13

entrainment

Answer 13

responsible for the erosions and movements of rocks

Question 14

transport

Answer 14

movement of debris away from the glacier

Question 15

deposition

Answer 15

the mixture of unsorted sediments carried by the glacier, often forming moraines

Question 16

abrasion

Answer 16

when rocks become embedded in the glacier and rub against the bedrock whilst the glacier moves.
Causes the wearing away of the landscape, producing smooth surface.
Scratches on surface which result = striations

Question 17

quarrying

Answer 17

occurs within valley glaciers where pieces of bedrock are transported and eroded

Question 18

plucking

Answer 18

same as quarrying
occurs when rocks become frozen to the glacier and are plucked from ground as glacier moves forwards.
Jagged landscape left behind

Question 19

crushing

Answer 19

crushing and scraping of glacier as it moves causes erosion along soil and rock it sits on.
Weight of glacier may cause physical stress to ground whilst often plucking up boulders which are then deposited downstream

Question 20

basal melting

Answer 20

melting point of water decreases under pressure, water melts at a lower temp under thicker glaciers.
Can lead to basal sliding where glacier ‘floats’ above a layer of meltwater which acts as lubricant- moves faster

Question 21

subaerial freeze thaw

Answer 21

water stuck in the cracks of rocks, freezes then expands by 10%.
This repeated action puts pressure on rock, eventually causing it to shatter

Question 22

mass movement

Answer 22

Can happen quickly due to basal slipping so danger.

A sudden movement of large mass down long distances.

Question 23

corries

Answer 23

deep rounded hollows which capture snow.

Plucking/erosion steepen back wall.

Question 24

Aretes

Answer 24

Separates two glaciated valleys.

From erosion of 2 corries

Question 25

Pyramid peaks

Answer 25

from erosion between 3 or more corries

producing peak rather than a ridge

Question 26

glacial trough

Answer 26

abrasion grinds a v - shaped valley to produce u-shaped

Question 27

truncated spurs

Answer 27

when glacier cuts and erodes through interlocking spurs (number of ridges)

Question 28

hanging valley

Answer 28

main valley erodes quicker than tributary valley, leaving it at a higher platform

Question 29

ribbon lakes

Answer 29

glacier moves on top of hard rocks.

Plucking causes abrasion which creates hollows that fill with ice / rainwater

Question 30

medial

Answer 30

when 2 lateral moraines meeting in the middle of a glacier and depositing material

Question 31

lateral

Answer 31

material deposited on sides of glacier, leaving ridge when ice melts

Question 32

recessional

Answer 32

at end of glacier when a retreating glacier stays stationary for sufficient time

Question 33

terminal moraine

Answer 33

material deposited at snout of glacier on valley floor

Question 34

drumlins

Answer 34

elongated hills of glacial deposition

made of material accumulated under glacier

Question 35

till plains

Answer 35

till (clay) becoming deposited when ice sheets detach from glacial body

Question 36

ablation till

Answer 36

accumulation of till by melting of stagnant ice