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Geography Y9 > Glaciation > Flashcards

Glaciation Flashcards

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1
Q

When did the ice age begin

A

About 1,000,000 years ago and lasted til about 10,000 years ago

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2
Q

What happened during this time

A

Temperatures fluctuated and ice advance and retreated four times

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3
Q

What parts of Britain were covered in ice

A

Northern and eastern

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4
Q

The ice that covered nearly all the UK grew from which ice sheet

A

The Scandinavian ice sheet which was centred on Sweden and Finland

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5
Q

Where are large glaciers in Europe found

A

The mountain ranges such as the alps or Pyrenees

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6
Q

How do glaciers travel

A

They grow and flow down valleys

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7
Q

How much of the earth was covered in ice

A

30%

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8
Q

What happened since the beginning 2 million years ago

A

There were 4 vey cold periods

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9
Q

What are ice advances called

A

Glaciations

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10
Q

When was the last glaciation

A

70000 years ago and ended 10000 years ago

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11
Q

What were interglacial

A

Warm periods between glaciations where temperatures could be higher than today

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12
Q

Ice sheets

A

Huge advances of ice that are several kilometres thick

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13
Q

In Europe ice sheets spread from

A

The norths as the climate cooled

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14
Q

Ice sheets cover

A

Vast areas maybe even whole continents

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15
Q

What are some things that could have caused the ice age

A

•Variations in the sun’s energy. The sun’s output is not constant so during times when it is less, the Earth is cooler.
•Changes in the earth’s orbit so that for certain periods we were further from the sun making the planet colder.
•A massive volcanic eruption- the ash & dust blocking the suns energy

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16
Q

Glaciers

A

Large rivers of ice that move slowly downhill cane change the shape of the landscape

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17
Q

How do glaciers change the shape of landscapes

A

Through erosion and deposition

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18
Q

Where do glaciers form

A

Very cold places where there is lots of snowfall but not all of it melts

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19
Q

How do glaciers form

A

Regular snowfall but irregular melting leads to lots of different layers of snow lying on top of each other. As the snow layers build up year after year the lowest layers become compacted and compressed until the air is pushed out and the snow turns into ice and this gradually moves down slope under the force of gravity

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20
Q

What are the differences between ice sheets and valley glaciers

A

Masses of ice which cover large areas of a continent are called ice sheets whilst those which occupy mountain valleys are called valley glaciers.

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21
Q

How much of the earth right covered in ice

A

10%

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22
Q

When are the biggest glaciers currently found

A

Antarctic and Greenland

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23
Q

What are smaller glaciers found

A

High altitudes in various mountain ranger in the lower middle and higher laltitudes
Eg Mont Blanc Canadian rockies or the alps

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24
Q

Ice caps

A

Extensive sheets of ice . Technically they cover and area smaller than 50000km squared anything bigger and they are an ice sheet

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25
Q

What is anbexample of a glacier

A

Thé mer de glace

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26
Q

What does net de glacé mean

A

River of ice

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27
Q

When is the mer de glade found

A

French alps

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28
Q

Describe the mer de glace

A

The Mer de Glace is 7km long, 1200 metres wide and up to 200 metres thick.

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29
Q

What speed does the mer de glacé move

A

About 70m each year

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30
Q

What does a glacier system consist of

A

Inputs, transfers(flows), stores and outputs

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31
Q

Input

A

Comes from avalanche s along the sides of the glacier but mainly perception as snow

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32
Q

Storage

A

Over time snow accumulates and is compressed into ice. The water held in storage is the glacier

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33
Q

Flows/transfers

A

Under the force of gravity the glacier flows downhill

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34
Q

Output

A

Meltwater is the main output from a glacier along with some evaporation

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35
Q

Glaciers are formed where

A

The temperature is cold enough to allow snow accumulate over a period of yesrs

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36
Q

What 2pms is the length of glacier decided into

A

Accumulation and ablation

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37
Q

Accumulation

A

When the snow and ice are building up

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38
Q

Ablation zone

A

Where ice is melting

39
Q

When does the glacier grow

A

When more snow falls than melts then accumulation is higher than ablation

40
Q

When does the glacier retreat

A

When more snow melts than falls ablation is higher than accumulation

41
Q

Describe how the glacier ,Ives through zones

A

All glaciers move slowly down hill. The highest part, where the snow falls and turns to ice, is called the accumulation zone. It is extremely cold here, lots of snow falls and the temperature rarely rises above freezing.

As the glacier moves downhill in starts to warm up and melt. The place where the glacier melts is known as the ablation zone.

42
Q

How long does a snowflake spend on glacier

A

Up to 400 years

43
Q

Describe how a glacier is a solid and liquid

A

Looks like a solid but behaves like a liquid
It pushes up against an object and is solid enough erode but fluid enough to move around like water in slow motion

44
Q

How is the glacier able to move

A

Meltwater lubricates the glacier and helps it slip along the valley bottom often re freezing around rocks and carrying them with it

45
Q

What process to glaciers carry out

A

Erosion
Weather material
Deposit

46
Q

What are the erosion processes

A

Plucking
Abrasion

47
Q

Weather process

A

Freeze thaw weathering

48
Q

Plucking

A

This is the tearing away of blocks of rock which have become frozen onto the base and sides of the glacier

49
Q

When does plucking occur

A

When rocks and stones become frozen to the base of the glacier and are ‘plucked’ from the ground as the glacier moves

50
Q

Where does maximum erosion occur

A

Where the ice is heaviest

51
Q

When does plucking happen

A

When glacier ice freezes and sticks to rock

52
Q

What does plucking do to the back wall

A

Steepens it

53
Q

Describe how plucking becomes abrasion

A

When the glacier moves, large angular pieces of rock are pulled/plucked away with it. These are then used for abrasion

54
Q

Abrasion

A

This is the wearing away of the rocks at the base and sides of the glacier by the scouring action of ice containing rocks plucked from the Earth’s Surface. The ice acts rather like an enormous sheet of sand paper.

55
Q

How does abrasion affect the landscape

A

This leads to the valley getting steeper, deeper and wider. The bedrock is polished smooth by the ice as it moves across it

56
Q

What form when rocks scrape/grind the base and sides of the valley

A

Striations or smooth polish finish

57
Q

Why are striations important

A

They show the direction of ice

58
Q

Describe freeze thaw weathering

A

Where water enters cracks in rocks , freezes and when it does expands. Repeated freezing and thaw means cracks in the rock expand until, the rock is fractured. Leading to material falling off the glacier or breaking down

59
Q

Describe weather erosion

A

Small crack in the rock surface water enters the crack in the rock from rainfall at night temperatures fall and water freezes .the ice expands nearly 10% and put pressure on the rock and eventually causes the rock to split/further and eventually breakthrough 

60
Q

Plucking is what

A

The tearing away of of blocks of rock which have become frozen onto the base and sides of glacier. It occurs when rocks and stones become frozen to the base of the glacier and are ‘plucked’ from the ground as the glacier moves

61
Q

Abrasion is what

A

Wearing a way of rock at the base sides of the glacier by scoring action of ice containing rocks plucked from the Earth surface. ice acts rather like an enormous sheet of sandpaper 

62
Q

Corrie

A

This is a steep sided bowl shaped hollow at the head of a glaciated valley. It is often described as an ‘armchair’ shaped allow

63
Q

A lake the forms in a corrie is a

A

Tarn

64
Q

How is a corrie formed

A

Snow collects natural hollow on the side of a mountain over time further Snow in the Hollow, the extra weight compressed the snow underneath turning into ice. The hollow was deep and widened by the Corrie glacier through the process of abrasion and plucking the overdeepning leads to armchair and causes rock clip to be formed 

65
Q

Pyramidal peak

A

Also known as horns are formed when three or more Corries cut backwards into the same mountain

66
Q

Famous example of pyramidal peak

A

Matterhorn(Switzerland/italy)

67
Q

What is an arête

A

A steep rocky ridge between two corries. This is a knife edge like ridge between two corries that have eroded back towards each other

68
Q

How are u shaped valleys formed

A

As the glacier flows down an old V-shaped valley. As the glacier flows it erodes the sides and bottom of the valley by abrasion and plucking. The valley becomes U shaped with very steep sides and flat bottom

69
Q

Crevasses

A

Large cracks in the ice

70
Q

Describe crevasses

A

Few metres wide and several metres deep.

71
Q

Where is the deepest crevasses

A

Found in Antarctic and Greenland are over 30 metres deep

72
Q

How are crevasses formed

A

When the ice is forced to stretch and then crack as it flows down a steep slope

73
Q

How are crevasses dangerous

A

Crevasses are extremely dangerous. They open and close as the glacier moves. They are often hidden under fresh snow and skiers and walkers have to watch out for them

74
Q

What is moraine

A

Type of landform that is created when a glacier deposits the material hat it has been transporting.

75
Q

What is moraine made of

A

It is made up of unsourced angular rocks. It often makes the glacier look dirty

76
Q

Lateral moraine

A

Down the side

77
Q

Medial

A

Down the middle because 2 glacier have joined

78
Q

When does deposition occur

A

When a rise in temperature causes ice to melt and the glacier is no longer able to carry as much material so it dumps it

79
Q

Where is the material deposited

A

Either on the valley floor or across lowlands at the foot of highland areas by the ice or meltwater streams

80
Q

What are deposition features

A

Moraine and drumlins

81
Q

What cause deposition terms

A

Ice melt, water and wind deposition

82
Q

What are the 4 types of moraine

A

Ground
Terminal
Lateral
Medial

83
Q

Terminal moraine

A

At the snout of glacier

84
Q

What are drumlins formed from

A

Boulder clay sometimes called till

85
Q

What are the two ends of a drumlin

A

Blunt end and tapered end

86
Q

What are a collection of dru,links

A

“Basket of eggs” or drumlin swarm

87
Q

Describe a drumlin

A

They are elongated(stretched out) features-egg shaped hills. They can reach a kilometre or more in length, 500 meters or so in width and over 50 metres high

88
Q

Explain the height of drumlins

A

One end is quite steep whilst the other end tapers away to ground level

89
Q

What way did ice flow over drumlins

A

Steep to ground level

90
Q

The stoss end is

A

The steeper of the two ends and used to face the ice flow

91
Q

Drumlin field

A

A cluster of dozens to hundreds of similarly shale, sized and oriented drumlins. Also known as a drumlin swarm

92
Q

Erratics

A

An erratic is a boulder that is different to the bedrock upon which is sitting they have transported and deposited by a glacier 

93
Q

What are erratic useful for?

A

They are useful indicators of patterns of former ice flow 

94
Q

Give an example of an erratic

A

Large piece of larvikite rock from Norway find an east Yorkshire beaches 

Geography Y9 (10 decks)

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