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Geography paper 1 > glaciation > Flashcards

glaciation Flashcards

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1
Q

how is a corrie/ cirque formed - glacial feature

A
  1. begins with the compactions of snow on a upland hillside, the ice will eventually compact into neve ice - which in turn turns into glacial ice.
  2. underneath the ice mass freeze-thaw weathering occurs and material (rocks and soil) is broken up
  3. as the glacier begins to move downslope, as a cause of gravity. some nivation and occasionally solifluction occurs. (mass movement) the meltwater present under the glacier will carry the broken up material and a hollow will begin to form.
  4. as the glacier continues to move, rotational slip will (happen theres a critical mass under the influence of gravity) erode, plucking of the back wall and abrasion over a lip
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2
Q

how is a kame formed - fluvioglacial erosional landform

A

a Kame is a deposit of material at the snout of a glacier.
1. supraglacial transportation carries materials such as rocks, on top of the glacier.
2. the material falls into cracks or crevasses in the glaciers
3. when the glacier melts it leaves behind, mounds of compacted material on the valley floor.
the material is - stratified = layers rounded, sorted (a its been in meltwater - attrition)
glacial deposits are not sorted

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3
Q

where is a kame terrace

A

this is deposis along the sides of glaciers

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4
Q

how is a Pingo formed - periglacial (no present glaciers)
seen in permafrost landscapes, e.g russia and canada

A

a pingo is a dome shaped, consisting of a layer of (usually discontinuously frozen permafrost) soil over an ice lense.
1. underneath permafrost an ice lense or core can form, upward movement of groundwater by hydraulic pressure , it is freezing, this water also freezes causing the ice lense to expand
although because it is in an area where the permafrost melts, in the summer months water can move through cracks in to the soil on the surface and melt the ice core. the pingo then collapses and a kettle hole is formed.

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5
Q

whats the term given to frozen water on earthers surface

A

the cryosphere

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6
Q

what are the periglacial land forms

A
  1. Pingos
  2. ice wedges
  3. patterned ground
  4. loess
    *
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7
Q

what are the periglacial processes

A

processes-
1. nivation- erosion of the ground due the thawing and freezing
2. frost heave - uplifting of soil
3. freeze-thaw weathering - water gets into cracks, freezes, expands and breaks up the rocks
4. weathering
5. solifluction - the movement of wet soil/ material downslope
*

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8
Q

what are the glacial erosional processes

A
  1. abrasion
  2. plucking
  3. crushing
  4. basal sliding
  5. quarrying
    *
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9
Q

glacial depositional landforms

A
  1. drumlins moraines
    till plan, ablation till
    *
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10
Q

what is internal deformation (ice movement)

A

causes some layers of ice to move faster than other layers. this is caused by the pressure of the ice on layers of ice or individual crystals

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11
Q

what is extensional flow (ice movement)

A

this occurs when the ice meets a downhill gradient. The velocity (speed) is increases and friction causes the ice is thin, this causes huge crevasses

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12
Q

what is compressional flow (ice movement)

A

this occurs when the ice hits a shallower gradient, friction causes the ice to slow down, build up and compress, the ice thickens

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13
Q

what is rotational slip (ice movement)

A

this occurs when the compressed ice becomes trapped in a hollow, but gravity causes it to continue moving downslope. meltwater assits the ice mass in moving rotationally the further erode the hollow
- this process aids the formation of cirque/ corries deepening the hollow

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14
Q

what is basal sliding

A

when a glacier is under imense pressure basal ice at the bottom of the glacier, meltwater is present as melting point changes.
basal sliding is meltwater lubricates the glacier to move over bedrock - only present in temperate glaciers

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15
Q

where are glacial environments

A

polar and alpine regions

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16
Q

whats the development of glacier environements

A

ther are three main processes which creates these landforms ; geomorphological (topography/rocks), periglacial and fluvioglacial

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17
Q

geomorphological erosional landform - how is a glacial trough formed

A

this is a macro erosional landform.
1. caused by a glacier bulldozing through a river V-shaped valley
2. it has the force and energy to erode the interlocking spurs, leaving smooth steep truncated spurs.
3. the valley floor and sides are wide and flatened
4. the original river still runs through the valley, this is called a misfit river as it is micro size in comparison to its surroundings

18
Q

geomorphological erosional landform - how is a hanging valley formed

A

A hanging valley is eroded by a tributary glacier, this is smaller and doesnt have enough energy to erode to the valley floor, therfore leaving a hanging valley.
waterfalls often form here

19
Q

geomorphological erosional landform - how is a rouche moutonnees formed

A

this occurs when a glacier meets an obsticle which is too large to pluck.
1. the glacier compressed against the obsticle causes friction and pressure to increase and the lower ice can reach pressure melting point, this meltwater helps lubraicte the glaciers movement over the obsticle
2. the glacier moves over the obsticle and smaller rocks abrade the toss side
3. the glacier reaches the top of the obsticle, friction and pressure drop
4. the meltwater refreezes and the glacer plucks frozen rocks from the lee side of the roc

20
Q

geomorphological depositional landform- how is a till plain formed

A

this is formed when an ice sheet breaks away from the main glacier.
2. material that is carried on top (supra) and inside (englacial) is deposited as the ice sheet melts.
3. this till is unsorted, material is deposited on the valley floor
macro

21
Q

geomorpholigical depositional landform - how is an erratic formed

A
  1. an erratic is a large boulder which has been broken off by erosion and weathering
  2. it is transported by a glacier to a location where it is a differerent rock type
  3. then deposited when the glacier loses energy
22
Q

geomorphological depositional landform - how are moraines formed

A

moraines are material carried and glacier
1. lateral moraine - formed at the sides of glaciers
2. medial moraine - formed when two moraines join together underneath the glacier
3. ground moraine - under the glacier which has been abraded - only sorted material
4. recessional moraine - deposited material when a retreating glacier is stationary for a sufficient time, usually shows smaller seasonal retreats
5. terminal moraine - deposited at the snout of a glacier on the valley floor.

23
Q

geomorphological depositional landform - how are drumlins formed

A

fromed when a glacier meets an obsticle too large to pluck. often found in groups
2. material carried underneath the glacier deposits builds up behind the obsticle.
3. as the glacier moves over the obsticle it drags excess material with it causing a tear drop shap to form
4. this causes a tapered side - lee side
5. and a blunt end - toss side

24
Q

what are the fluvioglacial erosional landforms

A
  1. kames
  2. eskers
  3. ouwash plains
  4. meltwater channels - super, en, sub
25
Q

fluvioglacial erosional landform - how is an esker formed

A

and esker is a long, winding mound of meltwater channel deposition.
deposition occurs when subglacial channels loses energy.
due to hydrostatic pressure the mound builds up and retains its shape

26
Q

fluvioglacial erosional landform - how is an outwash plain created

A

occurs when a retreating glacier releases meltwater due to the higher temperatures.
the meltwater will lose energy as theres a lack of pressure on it.
this means it deposits sorted stratified

27
Q

EQ 4: Value of g&R landscapes-
what are the economic values and examples

A
  • Tourism
  • mining and energy resources
  • HEP (hydroelectric)
  • forestry
    farming and fishing
28
Q

what can glacial erosion be referred too

A

as ice sheet scouring - is glacial erosion over extensive areas beneath ice sheets. creates land forms such as : roches moutonnees, knock and lochan, crag and tail

29
Q

EQ 4: value of a/r landscapes
describe the tundra ecosystem

A

The tundra ecosystem is low energy, it has little rainfall and a short summer. The winter is very cold,meaning little biomass. Therefore a slow nutrient cycle as decomposition is ahulted in the winter

30
Q

EQ 4: value of a/r landscapes
what is environmental fragility

A

Environmental Fragility: The concept of an environment being vulnerable and at risk , as it lacks
the ability to be resilient and adapt to changes.
small changes have large, destructive impacts

31
Q

EQ 4: value of a/r landscapes
why are cold environments fragile
could be a 6 marker

A
  • low nutrience cycle: during winter months decompositions is haulted, this leads to a slow uptake of nutrience. the low temperatures means it takes a long time for things to break down or to be restored. littering in these environments means it takeslonger to decomposed, or off road driving damages the thin permafrost quicker than it restored.
  • highly adapted ecosytem: adapted for extreme weather conditions, especially in polar regions low temperatures. therfore, if something changes in these ecosystems such as higher temperatures, the highly adapted species will find it hard to cope with the different conditions
  • lack of biodiversity: species depend on each other, food chains are limited. As only certain plants and animals are adapted to survive in the conditions, interconnected. FOR EXAMPLE, when a certain species is removed/damaged effects spread through the entire food chain. the overfishing of krill in the Antarctic, results in a low food supply for penguins, leading to them to migrate elsewhere, having knock on effects on seal populations.
32
Q

EQ 4: value of a/r landscapes
what are the cultural values to glaciated landscapes

A
  1. scientific research - such as ice cores, looking at the gass content in the ice can show the compositions of the gasses in the atmosphere dating back to different ages.
  2. indigenous culture -
  3. spiritual/ religious
  4. wilderness recreation
33
Q

EQ 4: threats to a/r landscapes
what speeds do avalanches travel

A

130 km/h
kill around 150 people a year

34
Q

EQ 4: value of a/r landscapes
evaluate the natural threat - avalanches

A

what - an avalanch is masses of snow, ice and rocks, falling rapidly down steep mountain slopes (speed of 130km/h)
danger level - two types loose snow. but ‘slab avalanches’ are the most dangerous. caused when heavy snow adds extra weight to a weakly bonded layer. The layer breaks of and slides downslope
impact - although causes destruction , majority follow predictable routes and by monitoring snow conditions able to predict them

35
Q

EQ 4: value of a/r landscapes
evaluate the natural threat - glacial outbrust floods

A

what - when an ice dam or moraine dam melts or overflows, a sudden realease of meltwater occurs
danger level - the ice dam can often re-freeze after the outburst and a glacial lake will form behind it mkaing these floods occur repeatedly

36
Q

7 EQ 4: value of a/r landscapes
evaluate the natural threat - Lahars

A

what - this a fast moving mud slie, caused volcanic activity causing glacial melting
severity - 1985 Armero tradgedy’, 4 lahars were triggured that flowed down the valley into the town of armero and killed 23,000 people. it was the melthing of glaciers on the Nevado del ruiz volcano in columbia

37
Q

long term climate change - Milinkovic cycle

A
  1. eccentricity - 96,000. orbit - climate warmer
  2. obliquity - 41,000 - tilt - 21.8-24.4 seasonal extemt tropics larger
  3. precession - ‘wobble’ 21,000, direction of axis, where gets solar radiation
38
Q

short term climate change

A
  • solar output, sunspot activity 11 yr
  • volcanic eruptions, sulfur dioxide
39
Q

lake district

A
  • relict
    threats: footpath erosion, conjestion, littering
    sustainable developmet- benfits from tourism 1.1 bill to local economy, 16 mil a year, 16,00 jobs
40
Q

Sagarmatha national park

A

climbing Everest - forecast weather
climate change threats- retreating glaciers 13% 10 years, hep downstream
other threats - avalanches
players Sherpas
management - ban goats less permits to climb(questionable0.

Geography paper 1 (4 decks)

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